GOLD Report I - UCLG

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239preparedness and security. Even so, the fiscalautonomy of local government in thesecountries makes local governments especiallyvulnerable to unfunded mandates.Higher-level governments sometimes contributefunds for these added tasks throughlegislation and new policies. But higher-upscan impose such tasks without contributingfunds, leaving local governments to cope asbest they can.In Canada, the Federation of CanadianMunicipalities has noted an increase in thedelegation of responsibilities to municipalities.Although the local government portionof expenditures remained stablerelative to the provincial level from 1990 to2000 – increasing in some provinces butdeclining in others (Diaz 2003) – local revenuesas a percentage of the whole havedecreased. In the United States, despitethe federal Unfunded Mandates Act of1995, the federal government has imposedsuch measures as the No Child Left BehindAct of 2002, which gave state governmentsincentives to administer regular tests asmeasures of performance for public schools.The resulting programs in many statesgave rise to accusations that the Act reallyjust forced school districts to abandon moreworthwhile programs in order to provide resourcesfor the new standardized tests.Local government borrowing. In theface of such pressures, there have beenshifts in restrictions on local borrowing.This practice has been most widespread inthe United States (Sbragia 1988).Although often conditioned upon localvoter approval, borrowing by local governmentsis subject to approval by a higherlevel government in only one state. InCanada, local borrowing sometimes generallyrequires approval by a provincialboard, and has been more limited. In bothNorth American countries, local governmentshave also turned to user fees andother charges to supplement revenues.III.2. FunctionsThe limited role of local government in theoverall public expenditure and revenue ofthese countries reflects limits in the functionsthat local government has assumed.With the exceptions of local education andpublic safety, local governments continueto play a subsidiary role to central andintermediate level governments in the broadrun of public policies (Table 3). In recentTable 3Local Government FunctionsFunctions Australia Canada New Zealand United StatesPlanningHousing State, Local Province, Local (DS) Central, Territorial (DS) Federal, Local (DS)Town Planning Local Province (DS), Local Regional LocalAgriculture land planning State Province, Local (DS) Local State (DS), Local (DS)Regional Planning Local Regional State (DS), Local (DS)EducationPre-School State Province Central Local (DS)Primary State Province Central LocalSecondary State Province Central LocalVocational and Technical State Province Central State, LocalHigher Education Federal, State Federal Central State
NORTH AMERICA240 United Cities and Local GovernmentsTable 3Adult Education State Province Central State, LocalOther State CentralProvision of Social ServicesKindergarten and Nursery State Province Central State, Local (DS)Family Welfare Services State Province Central Federal, State, LocalWelfare Homes State, Local (DS) Province, Local (DS) CentralSocial Security Federal Province Central FederalOthersProvision of Health ServicesTerritorial (DS)Primary Care Federal Province Central (Private)Hospital State Province Central Federal, Local (DS)Health Protection Federal, State, Local Federal, Province Central, Territorial Federal, State, Local (DS)Mental Hospital State Province Central StateWater SupplyWater and Sanitation State, Local Local Territorial Local (DS)Water supply State, Local (DS) Province, Local Territorial Local (DS)Energy SupplyGas Services State Province Central, Regional Local (DS)Electricity State Province Territorial (DS) Local (DS)Public TransportRoads State Local Central, Territorial FederalTransport State Local Central, Regional, Territorial State, LocalUrban Roads State, Local Local Territorial State, LocalUrban Public Transport Local Local Territorial State, Local (DS)Ports State Federal, Province, Local Territorial (DS) Local (DS)Airports State Federal, Province, Local Central(DS), Territorial(DS) Federal, Local (DS)Other transportationBusiness Development SupportFederal, Local (DS)Agriculture, forests, and Fisheries Federal, Province, Local (DS) Federal, Province Central, Territorial (DS) Federal, StateEconomic Promotion Federal, Province, Local (DS) Province, Local Central(DS), Territorial(DS) State, Local (DS)Trade and Industry Federal, Province, Local (DS) Federal, Province Central (DS) Federal, State, Local (DS)Tourism Federal, Province, Local (DS) Federal, Province, Local Cen(DS), Reg(DS), Terr(DS) State, Local (DS)Other Economic Services Federal, Province, Local (DS) Central(DS), Territorial(DS) Local (DS)SecurityLocal Government Functions (Continued)Police State Local (generally) Central, Regional LocalFire State Province, Local Regional, Local LocalDS: Discretionary Services by the local authority. For Australia, provinces includes territories.Sources: Commonwealth Local Government Forum (2002a, 2002b, 2002c); Stephens and Wikstrom. 2000, p. 156; supplemented by author’sresearch on government websites.
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Decentralizationand local democracy
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UCLG wishes to acknowledge the Supp
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© 2008 United Cities and Local Gov
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FOREWORD8 United Cities and Local G
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PREFACE10 United Cities and Local G
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EDITORIAL PROJECT12 United Cities a
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS14 United Cities and
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS16 United Cities and
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INTRODUCTION18 United Cities and Lo
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INTRODUCTION20 United Cities and Lo
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AFRI C AMUSTAPHA BEN LETAIEFCHARLES
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23I. IntroductionAfrica encompasses
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25CCountry Political Type of state
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27and local governments are defined
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29torical context from which they e
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31aid. In some cases, central gover
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33suffrage. Metropolitan councillor
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35Table 3 Responsibilities of local
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37taxation. VAT has been establishe
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39disbursements to local government
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41Table 4 Human resource situationC
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43Table 5 Portrait of local democra
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45view and approve executive bodies
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47V. ConclusionThis overall picture
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ASIA-PACIFIC50 United Cities and Lo
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ASIA-PACIFIC52United Cities and Loc
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EURASIAT. Y. K HABRIE VA(C HIEF RES
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95I. IntroductionThis chapter analy
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97Table 1General Information and Te
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99The constitutions of several stat
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101vote. Rather, control of local m
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103Capitals and Metropolitan AreasT
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105losing their local, own sources
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107Table 3Local Finance Indicators
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109Education. In the majority of st
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111Table 4Functions of Local Govern
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113execution of their duties munici
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115State Formation of local Local e
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117State Formation of local Local e
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119On the whole, local elections in
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121neighborhood, part of a resident
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123corporate) persons may be resolv
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125fragile, in part due to complica
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EUROPE128 United Cities and Local G
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EUROPE130United Cities and Local Go
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EUROPE134 United Cities and Local G
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L ATIN AMERICAMARI O ROS ALESSALVAD
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167I. IntroductionLatin America is
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169Nevertheless, the depth of the r
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171America (see graph 1). The feder
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173initially appointed by the natio
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175nicipal (Municipal Budget Regime
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177and generate significant demogra
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179Table 3Evolution and Distributio
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181where it is the responsibility o
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183BoxTransfer Systems in Latin Ame
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185tection was organized for the un
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187Table 4 Municipal responsibiliti
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Page 202 and 203: 197about renewal of leadership and
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Page 238 and 239: 233I. IntroductionThis chapter comp
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Page 242 and 243: 237Decentralization has attracted t
Page 246 and 247: 241years, however, local government
Page 248 and 249: 243reflect the consequences of syst
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Page 259 and 260: METROPOLITAN GOVERNANCE254 United C
Page 261 and 262: METROPOLITAN GOVERNANCE256United Ci
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CONCLUSION290 United Cities and Loc
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POSTFACE304 United Cities and Local
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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317AfricaBanque Mondiale, 2003, Ré
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319International Monetary Fund, 200
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321EurasiaAdministrativnaya reforma
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323Regulirovanie voprosov organizac
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325Guérin-Lavignotte, E., Kerrouch
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327--- Descentralización, transfer
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329Middle East and West AsiaUnited
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331North AmericaSaudi Ministry of R
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333Laubach, T., 2005, Fiscal Relati
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335Metropolitan GovernanceU.S. Bure
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337Kübler, D., 2005, Problems and
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339ConclusionAalborg C., 1994, Char
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341Rothblatt, D. N. and Sancton A.
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