GOLD Report I - UCLG

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205Table 1Administrative organizationCountry Population / land area Political regime Federal entities or Second tier Local levelautonomous regionsBahrainIran , Isl. Rep. 67.7 m 1,648,200 km 2GDP (per capita): 2,770 USDIraqJordanKuwaitLebanonOmanPalestine0.727 m 690 km 2GDP (per capita): 14,370 USD*26.5 m ** 438,320 km 2GDP (per capita): 928 USD***5.4 m 88,800 km 2GDP (per capita): 2,500 USD2.5 m 17,818 km 2GDP (per capita): 24,040 USD*3.6 m 10,452 km 2GDP (per capita): 6,180 USD2.6 m 309,500 km 2GDP (per capita): 9,070 USD*3.5 m5,842 km 2 (The West Bank)+365 km 2 (Gaza Strip)Constitutional monarchyIslamic republicParliamentary republicConstitutional monarchyAbsolute monarchy (Emirate)Parliamentary republicAbsolute monarchy (Sultanate)‘Palestinian Authority’KurdistanProvince (28)Department (314)RegionGovernorateDistrictGovernorate (12)Governorate (5)Region (6) (Mohafazah)Department (Caza)Governorate (14)(9 in the West Bank5 in the Gaza Strip)Municipality (12)City/town (931)Small townVillageMunicipalityMunicipality (99)MunicipalityMunicipality (930)Municipality (43)Municipality (74)(63 in the West Bank11 in the Gaza Strip)Qatar0.813 m 11,000 km 2GDP (per capita): 28,833 USD***Absolute monarchy (Emirate)Municipality (10)Saudi Arabia24.6 m 2,149,700 km 2GDP (per capita):11,770 USDAbsolute monarchyProvince (13)GovernorateCenter (A or B)Regional council (7)Principal council (5)Council (107)Group of villages (64)SyriaTurkeyUnited ArabEmiratesYemen19 m 185,180 km 2GDP (per capita): 1,380 USD72.6 m 783,820 km 2GDP (per capita): 4,710 USD4.5 m 83,600 km 2GDP (per capita): 23,770 USD*21 m 527.970 km 2GDP (per capita): 600 USDAuthoritarian presidentialrepublicParliamentary republicFederation of absolutemonarchies (Emirates)Authoritarian presidentialrepublicEmirates (7)Department (14)Special departmentaladministration (81)GovernoratesTown (107)Small town (248)Village (207)Rural unitMunicipality (3,519) 316 Metropolitan MunicipalitiesVillage (35,000)MunicipalityMunicipality (326)Provincial municipality (20)District municipality (326)Source: World Bank 2005, except: * Source: World Bank 2004. ** Source: World Bank 2003. *** Source: World Bank 20023. Beside these ordinary municipalities, the metropolitan municipalities provide urban services at themetropolitan level to ensure greater efficiency, as well as harmonization and coordination between municipaldistricts. The metropolitan municipalities supervise and provide assistance for district municipalities.
MIDDLE EAST / WESTERN ASIA206United Cities and Local GovernmentsTurkey is the onlypluralist seculardemocracy,and has alwaysattached greatimportance todeveloping itsrelations withEuropean countries4. These reforms alsofell within theframework of the‘Six Arrows’ asAtaturk’s generalnationalist policyaimed to ensure themodernization ofTurkey.tralized, but its local government system issubject to a constitutional jurisprudencethat is extraordinary in the region.Turkey is the only pluralist secular democracy,and has always attached great importanceto developing its relations withEuropean countries. Historically, Turkishculture has had a profound impact overmuch of Eastern and Southern Europe. Afterthe First World War and the proclamationof the Turkish Republic in 1923, theKemalism, to which the present Turkishstate is heir, deliberately distinguished itspolitical and social system from that of theArab countries. This was particularly emphasizedby the abolition of the Caliphateand the adoption of the Latin alphabet,modified only slightly 4 . Turkey’s moderndemocratic conception and acceptablyfunctional institutions present more contrastthan similarity to other Middle Easternnations. This contrast is no less apparent inregard to decentralization.II.1. The objectives of decentralizationBy means of constitutional and legislativereforms during the past ten years, all thecountries in the region have embarkedupon a change of direction toward increasedadministrative decentralization. However,far from being uniform, the underlyingmotives and results are quite different andwide-ranging.a) External factorsMembership of the European Union. As acountry where decentralizing reforms areincreasing in scale, Turkey has been motivatedby its desire to gain membership ofthe European Union, whose criteria formembership include respect for humanrights. It is therefore within the frameworkof the European Charter of Local Self-Government,signed in 1988 and ratified in1992, that this wide-ranging renovation ofstate structures – including new local governmentlaws and constitutional changes– is taking place.U.S.A. policy in the region. The United Statesmaintains a military presence in the region,particularly in Iraq. The promotion ofthe principles of « good governance » anddemocracy have become the declared USpolicy in the region. With the on-going supportof different countries, the United Statessustains its regional policy throughdirect and indirect means.Economic pressures. Along with political pressuresand within a context of neoconservativeglobalization, the non-petroleum-producingcountries – Lebanon, Jordan, and Palestine –face demands from international backers forthe restructuring, not only of their weak economies,but also of their societies. Thestrengthening or the establishment of localgovernment is one of the pillars of thesereforms in that it constitutes the first step inapplying the principles of good governance.b) Internal factorsInternal population pressure. Although civiliansociety is not accustomed to makingits voice heard, there has recently been anincreasing demand for local democracy bytwo groups whose interests converge onlyin this single area. Both appear to see inmoves toward democracy the means ofbringing victory to their overall concept ofthe state. One group, often referred to asradicals, wants a more rigid system of government.The other group, the intellectualelite, wants to establish real democracy. Anexample of this urging toward democracyis the 100 Saudi intellectuals who in January2003 presented the Crown Prince with apetition requesting changes; similar pressureled the Jordanian government to restorethe election of mayors by universal suffrage.Coming to terms with demands for autonomy.In the specific case of Iraq, where internalpressures are nationalist in nature,decentralization has enabled the granting ofextensive autonomy, including legislative powers,to Kurdistan. However, these powersdo not grant or imply independence for thatregion.
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Decentralizationand local democracy
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UCLG wishes to acknowledge the Supp
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© 2008 United Cities and Local Gov
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FOREWORD8 United Cities and Local G
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PREFACE10 United Cities and Local G
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EDITORIAL PROJECT12 United Cities a
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS14 United Cities and
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS16 United Cities and
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INTRODUCTION18 United Cities and Lo
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INTRODUCTION20 United Cities and Lo
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AFRI C AMUSTAPHA BEN LETAIEFCHARLES
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23I. IntroductionAfrica encompasses
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25CCountry Political Type of state
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27and local governments are defined
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29torical context from which they e
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31aid. In some cases, central gover
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33suffrage. Metropolitan councillor
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35Table 3 Responsibilities of local
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37taxation. VAT has been establishe
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39disbursements to local government
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41Table 4 Human resource situationC
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43Table 5 Portrait of local democra
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45view and approve executive bodies
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47V. ConclusionThis overall picture
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ASIA-PACIFIC50 United Cities and Lo
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ASIA-PACIFIC52United Cities and Loc
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EURASIAT. Y. K HABRIE VA(C HIEF RES
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95I. IntroductionThis chapter analy
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97Table 1General Information and Te
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99The constitutions of several stat
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101vote. Rather, control of local m
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103Capitals and Metropolitan AreasT
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105losing their local, own sources
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107Table 3Local Finance Indicators
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109Education. In the majority of st
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111Table 4Functions of Local Govern
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113execution of their duties munici
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115State Formation of local Local e
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117State Formation of local Local e
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119On the whole, local elections in
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121neighborhood, part of a resident
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123corporate) persons may be resolv
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EUROPE128 United Cities and Local G
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EUROPE130United Cities and Local Go
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EUROPE134 United Cities and Local G
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Page 159 and 160: EUROPE156United Cities and Local Go
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Page 172 and 173: 167I. IntroductionLatin America is
Page 174 and 175: 169Nevertheless, the depth of the r
Page 176 and 177: 171America (see graph 1). The feder
Page 178 and 179: 173initially appointed by the natio
Page 180 and 181: 175nicipal (Municipal Budget Regime
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Page 188 and 189: 183BoxTransfer Systems in Latin Ame
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Page 192 and 193: 187Table 4 Municipal responsibiliti
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Page 202 and 203: 197about renewal of leadership and
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Page 238 and 239: 233I. IntroductionThis chapter comp
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Page 242 and 243: 237Decentralization has attracted t
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METROPOLITAN GOVERNANCE256United Ci
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METROPOLITAN GOVERNANCE278 United C
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CONCLUSION280 United Cities and Loc
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POSTFACE304 United Cities and Local
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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317AfricaBanque Mondiale, 2003, Ré
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319International Monetary Fund, 200
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321EurasiaAdministrativnaya reforma
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323Regulirovanie voprosov organizac
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325Guérin-Lavignotte, E., Kerrouch
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327--- Descentralización, transfer
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329Middle East and West AsiaUnited
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331North AmericaSaudi Ministry of R
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333Laubach, T., 2005, Fiscal Relati
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335Metropolitan GovernanceU.S. Bure
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337Kübler, D., 2005, Problems and
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339ConclusionAalborg C., 1994, Char
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341Rothblatt, D. N. and Sancton A.
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