GOLD Report I - UCLG

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23I. IntroductionAfrica encompasses some 31 millionsquare kilometers and, according to recentestimates, houses a population of morethan 933 million. 1 This rapidly growingpopulation (2.5% per year), characterizedby its extreme youth (median age: 20), isa mosaic of peoples speaking many languages.Moreover, the region is subject torapid urban development; the rate of urbanizationin African countries ranges from40% to 70%. There are thirty-four metropoliseswith more than one million inhabitants;most are beset by the rapid growthof impoverished suburbs, as well as deficienciesin infrastructure, public transportationand basic urban services. Literacyrates on average range from 40% to 60%.Civil disorder and military conflict are commonplacein a few regions, and in somecountries a sizeable percentage of the populationsuffers from pandemics such asHIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis.In economic terms, after some 20 yearsof implementing structural adjustmentpolicies, African countries are becomingfinancially sound again, achieving anaverage annual growth rate between 4%and slightly more than 6% in 2005. Despitethese positive signs, Africa is stilleconomically underdeveloped. With nearly15% of the world population, Africaaccounts for only 2% of world trade, andreceives only 3% of direct foreign investment.(China received about 22% offoreign investment). Of the world’s 47least developed countries, as identifiedby the United Nations, 18 are in sub-Saharan Africa. The New Partnership forAfrican Development (NEPAD) has notyet been able to attract significant aidand investment to the continent, or tomobilize African savings of which 40%,according to experts, is invested outsideAfrica. Nevertheless, some of the measurestaken by the international community,especially the enhanced HeavilyIndebted Poor Countries Initiative(HIPC), should help to increase the financialand policy capacity of public authoritiesand local governments in certaincountries, especially in combating poverty,providing access to services and improvingliving conditions.There has been a substantial rise in thenumber of democratic political systemssince the 1990s, in marked contrast to the1950s and 1960s, the two decades followingAfrican independence. During thattime, one-party political systems predominated,and access to state power wasoften gained by means of coups d’etat.In some areas, political and institutionalsystems remain fragile. Considerable tensionstill exists in parts of Central Africa(Democratic Republic of Congo, CentralAfrican Republic and Chad), West Africa(Côte d’Ivoire, Liberia, Guinea Bissau,Sierra Leone and Togo) and East Africa(Ethiopia/Eritrea, Somalia and Sudan).Most political systems are now multiparty,and leaders are chosen by universalsuffrage. Some categories of local officials(regional governors, walis in Algeria, Moroccoand Tunisia, mouhafidhs in ArabRepublic of Egypt, and government representativesin Cameroon) are still appointed.Over the past five years, Africa hasseen 35 electoral contests, including 20presidential elections, five parliamentaryelections, four constitutional referendums 2and six local elections. 3 The majority ofstates are unitary republics; three of these,Ethiopia, Nigeria, and South Africahave federal systems. Lesotho, Moroccoand Swaziland are kingdoms. Comparisonsof constitutional systems reveal thepredominance of presidential systems.South Africa has a mixed parliamentaryand presidential system, Niger has a semipresidentialsystem and Morocco has aconstitutional monarchy.The table below provides baseline data onthe geographic, political and economic position,and territorial organization of Africancountries.The majority ofstates are unitaryrepublics, but thereare also threestates with federalsystems (Ethiopia,Nigeria and SouthAfrica) and threekingdoms(Lesotho, Moroccoand Swaziland)1. Internet world statshttp://www.internetworldstats.com/stats1.htm.2. Algeria, Egypt,Kenya, Mauritania,Tunisia.3. Data current at 20thDecember 2006.
AFRICA24 United Cities and Local GovernmentsTable 1 Geographic, political and economic position and territorial organization of each countryCountry Political Type of state Regional level Provincial level Supra communal level Municipality/Metropolitan levelPopulation / land area systemAlgeria Presidential Unitary 48 Wilaya 1541 municipalities33.4 m /2,381,741 km 2Benin Presidential Unitary 77 municipalities8.2 m / 112.622 km 2Cameroon Presidential Unitary 10 regions 2 metropolis 11 urban municipalities16.3 m / 475,412 km 2 11 districts 316 rural municipalitiesArab Republic of Egypt Presidential Unitary 26 Mouhafasats 217 cities and Luxor 4617 towns76.7 m / 1,001,450 km 2 (both decentralized and (Special Status)deconcentred structures)Gabon Presidential Unitary 47 departments 50 municipalities1.4 m / 267,670 km 2Ghana Presidential Unitary 166 district21.1 m / 238,540 km 2 assembliesGuinea Presidential Unitary 38 urban municipalities9.5 m / 245,860 km 2 303 rural municipalities (CRD)/ 1 city (Conakry)Côte d’Ivoire Presidential Unitary 19 regions 58 departments 197 municipalities and 2 cities: Abidjan with 10 municipalities17.9 m / 322,463 km 2 and Yamoussokro with town councilsKenya Presidential Unitary 8 provinces including 175 Local Authorities (municipal councils, town councils and35.1 m / 580,370 km 2 the City of Nairobi county councils) and 3 cities: Nairobi, Mombasa and KisumiMadagascar Presidential Unitary 22 regions 1557 municipalities, including 45 urban municipalities,18.6 m / 587,051 km 2 (Faritany) 3 cities with special status:Antananarivo with six districts- Nosy Bé - Sainte MarieMali Presidential Unitary 8 regions 49 cercles 703 municipalities13.9 m / 1,267,000 km 2 Bamako district (with sixtown councils) governedby special regulations
Page 1: Decentralizationand local democracy
Page 5 and 6: UCLG wishes to acknowledge the Supp
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Page 9 and 10: FOREWORD8 United Cities and Local G
Page 11 and 12: PREFACE10 United Cities and Local G
Page 13 and 14: EDITORIAL PROJECT12 United Cities a
Page 15 and 16: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS14 United Cities and
Page 17 and 18: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS16 United Cities and
Page 19 and 20: INTRODUCTION18 United Cities and Lo
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Page 24 and 25: AFRI C AMUSTAPHA BEN LETAIEFCHARLES
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EURASIAT. Y. K HABRIE VA(C HIEF RES
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95I. IntroductionThis chapter analy
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97Table 1General Information and Te
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99The constitutions of several stat
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101vote. Rather, control of local m
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103Capitals and Metropolitan AreasT
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105losing their local, own sources
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107Table 3Local Finance Indicators
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109Education. In the majority of st
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119On the whole, local elections in
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121neighborhood, part of a resident
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123corporate) persons may be resolv
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EUROPE128 United Cities and Local G
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EUROPE130United Cities and Local Go
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EUROPE134 United Cities and Local G
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L ATIN AMERICAMARI O ROS ALESSALVAD
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167I. IntroductionLatin America is
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169Nevertheless, the depth of the r
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171America (see graph 1). The feder
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175nicipal (Municipal Budget Regime
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177and generate significant demogra
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179Table 3Evolution and Distributio
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181where it is the responsibility o
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183BoxTransfer Systems in Latin Ame
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185tection was organized for the un
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187Table 4 Municipal responsibiliti
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189percentage of houses connected t
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193cipation funds. The oversight co
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MIDDLE EAST / WESTERN ASIA202 Unite
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NORTH AMERICA(CANADA AND THE UNITED
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233I. IntroductionThis chapter comp
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235Table 1Governmental and Country
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237Decentralization has attracted t
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241years, however, local government
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243reflect the consequences of syst
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245years. In the U.S. there are oft
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247tion of Canadian Municipalities
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249One of the most important roles
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251V. ConclusionIn both Canada and
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METROPOLITAN GOVERNANCE254 United C
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METROPOLITAN GOVERNANCE256United Ci
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METROPOLITAN GOVERNANCE278 United C
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POSTFACE304 United Cities and Local
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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317AfricaBanque Mondiale, 2003, Ré
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319International Monetary Fund, 200
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321EurasiaAdministrativnaya reforma
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323Regulirovanie voprosov organizac
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325Guérin-Lavignotte, E., Kerrouch
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327--- Descentralización, transfer
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329Middle East and West AsiaUnited
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331North AmericaSaudi Ministry of R
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333Laubach, T., 2005, Fiscal Relati
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335Metropolitan GovernanceU.S. Bure
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337Kübler, D., 2005, Problems and
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339ConclusionAalborg C., 1994, Char
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341Rothblatt, D. N. and Sancton A.
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