GOLD Report I - UCLG

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277tal relations between cities and theirsurrounding regions. Metropolitanregions in both the South and the Northare not only crucial to the realization ofnational policy in numerous domains,but can take an active role in influencingpolicies at higher levels.VI.2. Participation in metropolitangovernanceParticipation in metropolitan governancepresents important issues for the realizationof democracy as well as foreffective decision-making processes.Whatever institutional form it takes,governance at the metropolitan levelconfronts the problem of incorporatingthe participation of a growing number ofincreasingly diverse interests. Understandingthe informal as well as theformal dimensions of participation iscrucial. The challenges surrounding participationare particularly acute for marginalizedgroups, such as the urban poorand ethnic and racial minorities.VI.3. Ecological sustainabilityEnvironmental policy in many domainsdepends on effective implementation atthe local level, and in turn on the efficacyof metropolitan governance. Theprovision of adequate water resourcesand water quality, especially in theSouth, presents some of the most farreachingchallenges. Global and nationalefforts to assure air quality and carbonconservation depend on sustainabletransportation as well as solid regulatoryand energy policies at the local level.Metropolitan initiatives are critical tothese efforts.VI.4. Social and spatial inequalitiesAddressing the legal informality andpoverty of Southern cities is one of thehighest priorities for metropolitan governance.Concentrations of the disadvantagedoften require more interventionand public expenditure to combat relatedproblems, such as crime, inadequateeducation and health needs (Pack 1993;Chernick and Reschovsky 1995). Indiverse, segregated metropolitan regions,fragmented governance can exacerbatethe disadvantages of the poor inobtaining public services (Alesina, Baqirand Easterly 1997). Similarly, extended,diverse metropolitan regions can offeraffluent communities opportunities andincentives to segregate themselves fromthe rest of society. This process can alsoundermine collective efforts to providegoods to the entire metropolis.Metropolitangovernancepresents commonproblemsof accommodatingan array of diverse,conflictinginterests andinfluences
METROPOLITAN GOVERNANCE278 United Cities and Local GovernmentsAnnex 1Examples of metropolitan organization, by tasksMetropolitan Los Angeles Paris Seoul Sao Paulo Mumbai JohannesburgAreaPopulation(per km 2 )196 per km 2927 per km 2 1929 per km 22.314 per km 24.089 per km 21.692 per km 2Percent incentral city22.29%19.00%44.94%57.32%66.90%38.23%Sub-nationalgovernmentsState (1), counties (5),municipalities (180),regional councils ofgovernments (11)(advisory)Regions (1),departements (7),communes (1.584)City of ParisProvince (1),metropolitan localgovernments (2),other municipalities (20)State (1), MetropolitanRegions (3),municipalities (139)State (1), municipalcorporations (7),municipal councils(13), state districts (4),villages (900)Metropolitan or districtmunicipalities (3)TransitRoadsAmtrak (national railcompany), Metrolink(joint authority oftransit agencies),separate county transitauthorities (5),interlocal authorities(6), municipal systems(39), private linesFederal HighwayAdministration(national roads), StateTransportationDepartment, RegionalCouncil of Governments(advisory), counties,municipalities (localroadsSNCF (nationalrailway), RATP(public companywith metro, bus,regional rail),OPTILE (network of39 public, privatelines), STIVO(network of publicand private lines)Infrastructureministry fieldoffices (region,department);departments,municipalities(local roads)Korail (national railway),Seoul Metropolitangovernment, Seoul MetroSubway Corporation and SeoulMetro Rapid TransitCorporation (city-ownedcompanies), provincial transitauthorities, municipalsystems and private lines,national ministriesMinistry of Construction andTransportation, SpecialMetropolitan City Government,Provincial/City/County/DistrictGovernment, publiccorporations (KoreaConstruction ManagementCorporation, KoreaExpressway Corporation)State Secretariat forMetropolitanTransports, Sao PauloTransporte, SA, (privatecompany), Companhiado Metropolitano de SaoPaulo Metro, CompanhiaPaulista de TrensMetropolitanos, andEmpresa Metropolitanade Transportes Urbanos(state companies),numerous private firmsby concessionFederal TransportationMinistry (federal roads),State Department ofRoads, municipalities(local roads), privatecompanies byconcessionIndian Railways(national publiccompany), State RoadTransport Corporation,Mumbai MetropolitanRegion DevelopmentAuthority (state agencywith participation bycentral city), other stateagencies, interlocal andmunicipal bus servicesNational HighwaysAuthority, MumbaiMetropolitan RegionDevelopment Authority(state agency), CityIndustrial DevelopmentCo. (state company),municipal governmentsSpoornet (nationalrailway), Metrobus(central city-ownedcompany); municipalgovernments; provincialDepartment of PublicTransport, Roads, andWorksNational Roads Agency(national roads),Johannesburg Roads(central city-ownedcompany), municipalgovernmentsTrash collectionPrivate contracting(42), municipalgovernments (13),some interlocalcooperationMunicipal and alimited number ofintercommunalagencies: 65+(collection), 30+(treatment)Municipal governments andprivate contracting. Someinterlocal cooperationMunicipal governments(mostly), limited use ofprivate contracting,municipal firmsMunicipal governments,limited privatecontractingPikitup (central cityownedcompany), othermunicipal governmentsWater/sewageNumerous county,municipal and interlocalutilities or agencies,private contractorsMunicipal and alimited number ofintercommunalagencies, privatecontractorsMunicipal governments,national public corporations(Environment ManagementCooperation (EMC),ENVICO(Korea Environment &Resources Corporation)) andinterlocal cooperation directedby Ministry of EnvironmentBasic SanitationCompany of the State ofSao Paulo (SABESP)(state-ownedcompany), stategovernment, basincommittees of localofficials and othersMunicipal governments,City IndustrialDevelopment Co. andMaharashtra IndustrialDevelopment Co. (statecompanies)Johannesburg Water(city-owned company),other municipalgovernments, privatecontractors
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Decentralizationand local democracy
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UCLG wishes to acknowledge the Supp
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© 2008 United Cities and Local Gov
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FOREWORD8 United Cities and Local G
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PREFACE10 United Cities and Local G
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EDITORIAL PROJECT12 United Cities a
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS14 United Cities and
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS16 United Cities and
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INTRODUCTION18 United Cities and Lo
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INTRODUCTION20 United Cities and Lo
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AFRI C AMUSTAPHA BEN LETAIEFCHARLES
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23I. IntroductionAfrica encompasses
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25CCountry Political Type of state
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27and local governments are defined
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29torical context from which they e
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31aid. In some cases, central gover
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33suffrage. Metropolitan councillor
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35Table 3 Responsibilities of local
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37taxation. VAT has been establishe
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39disbursements to local government
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41Table 4 Human resource situationC
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43Table 5 Portrait of local democra
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45view and approve executive bodies
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47V. ConclusionThis overall picture
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ASIA-PACIFIC50 United Cities and Lo
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ASIA-PACIFIC52United Cities and Loc
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EURASIAT. Y. K HABRIE VA(C HIEF RES
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95I. IntroductionThis chapter analy
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97Table 1General Information and Te
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99The constitutions of several stat
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101vote. Rather, control of local m
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103Capitals and Metropolitan AreasT
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105losing their local, own sources
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107Table 3Local Finance Indicators
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109Education. In the majority of st
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111Table 4Functions of Local Govern
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113execution of their duties munici
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115State Formation of local Local e
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117State Formation of local Local e
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119On the whole, local elections in
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121neighborhood, part of a resident
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123corporate) persons may be resolv
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125fragile, in part due to complica
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EUROPE128 United Cities and Local G
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EUROPE130United Cities and Local Go
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EUROPE134 United Cities and Local G
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L ATIN AMERICAMARI O ROS ALESSALVAD
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167I. IntroductionLatin America is
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169Nevertheless, the depth of the r
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171America (see graph 1). The feder
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173initially appointed by the natio
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175nicipal (Municipal Budget Regime
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177and generate significant demogra
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179Table 3Evolution and Distributio
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181where it is the responsibility o
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183BoxTransfer Systems in Latin Ame
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185tection was organized for the un
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187Table 4 Municipal responsibiliti
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189percentage of houses connected t
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191partments or regions held electi
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193cipation funds. The oversight co
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195Table 6Associations of Municipal
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197about renewal of leadership and
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199Despite advancesin decentralizat
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MIDDLE EAST / WESTERN ASIA202 Unite
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MIDDLE EAST / WESTERN ASIA204United
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MIDDLE EAST / WESTERN ASIA222 Unite
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Page 236 and 237: NORTH AMERICA(CANADA AND THE UNITED
Page 238 and 239: 233I. IntroductionThis chapter comp
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Page 242 and 243: 237Decentralization has attracted t
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Page 248 and 249: 243reflect the consequences of syst
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Page 252 and 253: 247tion of Canadian Municipalities
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Page 259 and 260: METROPOLITAN GOVERNANCE254 United C
Page 261 and 262: METROPOLITAN GOVERNANCE256United Ci
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Page 309 and 310: POSTFACE304 United Cities and Local
Page 320 and 321: BIBLIOGRAPHY
Page 322 and 323: 317AfricaBanque Mondiale, 2003, Ré
Page 324 and 325: 319International Monetary Fund, 200
Page 326 and 327: 321EurasiaAdministrativnaya reforma
Page 328 and 329: 323Regulirovanie voprosov organizac
Page 330 and 331: 325Guérin-Lavignotte, E., Kerrouch
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327--- Descentralización, transfer
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329Middle East and West AsiaUnited
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331North AmericaSaudi Ministry of R
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333Laubach, T., 2005, Fiscal Relati
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335Metropolitan GovernanceU.S. Bure
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337Kübler, D., 2005, Problems and
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339ConclusionAalborg C., 1994, Char
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341Rothblatt, D. N. and Sancton A.
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