Youth Making Choices: Gambling Prevention Program

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Unit 7: Reducing RiskAppendix BTeacher Resource 2 p. 1Biopsychosocial-Cultural-Spiritual Model(The Inner and Outer Influences of Risk)The Biopsychosocial-cultural-spiritual (BPSCS) model is an approach thatassumes that biological (medical), psychological (which entails thoughts,emotions and behaviours), social, cultural and spiritual belief systems are factorsthat play a significant role in human functioning in the context of mental healthissues, addictions, disease and illness. The model assumes that mental healthproblems are hardly ever limited to just one domain of human experience.Instead, most mental health problems are influenced by multiple domains ofhuman experience, and have biological, psychological, social, cultural andspiritual impacts. The model provides a framework for understanding whatcauses and sustains addictive behaviours and experiences and providesdirection in framing both clinical and prevention practices.In a philosophical sense, the BPSCS model states that the workings of the bodycan affect the mind, and the workings of the mind can affect the body, and thatoutside influences can affect both. For example, research in the field of addictionhas made major strides in recent years in demonstrating the contributions ofinternal and external stressors in the initiation and maintenance of substance usedisorders. While gambling itself can be a stressful activity, pathological gamblersoften report gambling in order to escape life stress. Research on the relationshipbetween pathological gambling and stress is in its infancy.Making Healthy Lifestyle Choices That Involve RiskEverything we do involves calculation and risk taking. Looking at benefits versus risks issomething people do to various degrees all the time. It is important to take into considerationthe various factors from the BPSCS model when understanding the decision-making processof someone who is addicted to gaming, gambling or substances. For instance someone withADHD (biological) may gravitate to using substances and gambling behaviours to cope withthe condition (psychological). This is turn results in the person dropping out of school (social),which brings shame to the family (cultural).Crossing a street is a risk, although a small one in terms of something bad happening. Havingunprotected sex can be riskier, and drinking and driving even more of a risk. Some risks mayhave positive outcomes, such as wise stock investments. There are varying degrees of risk thatmay put someone in danger or, alternatively, may result in positive rewards.A “calculated risk” is one that has been considered and weighed for the potential costs andbenefits of both positive and negative outcomes. Many youth take risks based on “hunches.”A hunch is a guess or a feeling not based on known facts or else based on intuition or animpression that something might be the case.Youth Making Choices: Gambling Prevention Programwww.ProblemGambling.ca7.16
Unit 7: Reducing RiskAppendix BTeacher Resource 2 p. 2Motivation (for Change)People are often coping with multiple concerns. A particular concern might not seem aspressing to one person as it will to another. Having conflicting feelings about something or asituation affects motivation and readiness to change, and inhibits a person’s ability to adaptcoping strategies for change. However, exploration of a person’s multiple concerns helpsilluminate how to make decisions and calculate risks. Sometimes an individual may not be awarethat change is truly needed or may have misinterpreted the seriousness of the condition.Most mental and physical health problems are identified when a youth is having a declinein function or is exhibiting difficulties with mood, handling stress or controlling his or heractions. Often many of these issues occur together. But the identified problem (such as agambling behaviour that may have arisen due to a person developing a clinical depression),may be considered a red flag for the possibility that concurrent mental health and otherproblems are present.It is important to realize that concurrent problems are more “combined” as opposed to simply“concurrent.” This implies that the issues are not independent, but rather influence each other.The point is, one shouldn’t jump to conclusions that could lead to stigmatizing the person. Forexample, some people gamble to help cope with depression because the excitement whilegambling alleviates some of the depression symptoms. Sometimes gambling allows peopleto dissociate (go into a trance-like state in which they do not have to feel any emotions at all).Unfortunately, most people who use gambling as a way of coping with depression end upworsening that condition over time due to the consequences of losses and other consequencesof gambling.The following mental health issues are common in youth with problem gambling:• substance use• attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and other impulse control issues (spending, sex, etc.)• “over use” of Internet, cell phone, etc.• depressive disorders• anxiety disorders (social anxiety disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder)• history of trauma• personality disorders (conduct disorder, self-cutting behaviours, etc.).What is “Internet Addiction”?Although there are many parent groups and health professionals lobbying to have gaming andInternet “addiction” recognized as a condition separate from other mental health problems,it’s important to realize that individuals can have many reasons for developing difficulties withdigital media. This applies to substance use disorders as well. In many instances, the problembehaviours arise out of a failure to find a coping strategy for underlying mental health problemssuch as the ones listed above. Problem behaviours can also arise when youth experiencesignificant tumultuous events in their lives such as loneliness, bullying or parental divorce. Inshort, the technology is not the sole issue—it’s really how the youth’s chosen coping strategyinteracts with his or her unique makeup that determines the seed of the problem.Youth Making Choices: Gambling Prevention Programwww.ProblemGambling.ca7.17
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IntroductionGambling in Ontario is
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ReferencesTurner, N., Macdonald, J.
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Youth Making Choices: Gambling Prevention Program

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