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102Pacific Worldeast and the west. Behind the establishment of the Mongolian Empire wasthe great contribution of knowledge and information by the Uigur people.Due to those contributions, the homelands of the Uigurs were protected bythe Mongols—very exceptional treatment for a minority ethnic groupunder the Mongol Yuan Dynasty (1260–1367). Uigur people were grantedthe status of second rank in the empire’s ethnic hierarchy and playedsignificant roles in politics, economics, culture, and religion as the leadersof “people of colored eyes.”For example, the Mongols, who did not have a writing system, firstborrowed Uigur scripts to eventually develop Mongolian scripts. MostUigur civilian officers working in the Mongolian capital city Dadu (modernBeijing) as officers of the “people of colored eyes” were Buddhists. Theyused blockprinting, the most advanced printing technology of the time, topublish great numbers of Buddhist texts and sent them to the people livingin their homeland in the Turfan area. Many printed texts discovered in EastTurkistan were texts published during the Yuan Dynasty, and most of theprinted materials are Buddhist texts. They are printed not only in Uigur butinclude texts in Sanskrit and Xixia language. It is known that the peoplewho printed and bound these texts were Chinese because the page numbersare in Chinese characters.Here I would like to point out the number of languages from whichUigurs were translating Buddhist texts into their own, as shown inChart A. 6 Furthermore, the Uigurs followed the tradition of theirpredecessors to restore the cave temples, add balcony temples, andrepaint Buddhist wall paintings at such sites as Bezeklik.Uigur Buddhism was the last of the Buddhist cultures that flourishedin East Turkistan and came to the end in the mid-fourteenth centurytogether with the destruction of the Yuan Empire.III. Results of the Philological Studies on Central Asian Buddhist TextsIn the beginning of the twentieth century, the major powers in Europeand Japan began sending expeditions to excavate Buddhist sites in easternTurkistan. The Japanese Otani expeditions and German expeditions wereboth focused on the area between Turfan and Kucha. Their collections are,therefore, related to each other. The textural material collected by theGerman expeditions reportedly includes twenty-four writing systems inseventeen languages, a fact which stunned the academic circles of OrientalStudies of the early twentieth century. A part of the collections from theOtani expeditions 7 is stored at Ryukoku University—where I am currentlyaffiliated—and I have examined the existing text materials and discoveredthat they include thirteen writing systems in fifteen languages. 8
Kudara: A Rough Sketch of Central Asian Buddhism 103Chart A: Outlook of the Translation Relationship of the Buddhist Texts in Central Asia0CE -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15?BactrianThe PeriodofOral Transmission*TumshukeseKhotaneseClassical Indian Languages (Prakrit, BH Sanskrit)The Compilation of the Buddhist TextsBuddha's PreachingThe Literalization of the TextsTibetanXixiaClassical ChineseSogdian?Tokharian A/BUigurianMongolian
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Buddhism and Cognitive Science:Cont
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6Pacific Worldconnectionist-dynamic
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8Pacific Worldconceptual constraint
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10Pacific WorldNOTES1. B. Alan Wall
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12Pacific World16. See particulary,
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A Science of Consciousness:Buddhism
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34Pacific Worldtion experiences exp
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36Pacific Worldto all the world rel
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38Pacific WorldThe development or d
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40Pacific WorldOur present science
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42Pacific Worldmon to hold that cau
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44Pacific Worldconceptualization. I
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46Pacific Worldtionable that both t
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48Pacific Worldit is like looking e
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50Pacific Worldthe accepted underst
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184Pacific WorldThe empire was spli
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186Pacific Worldunder the Mongol Yu
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188Pacific Worldtexts are introduce
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190Pacific Worldning contrary to th
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192Pacific Worldpassages from the s
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194Pacific WorldPlate C: The Buddha
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The Idea of the Last Dharma-Age inS
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Asano: Idea of Last Dharma-age in S
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Rennyo’s Theory on Amida Buddha
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Fugen: Rennyo’s Theory on Amida
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238Pacific Worldthat there are thre
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240Pacific Worldhighest rank of the
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242Pacific Worldforms of not-knowin
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244Pacific WorldPrincipal Repentanc
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246Pacific WorldExtensive Repentanc
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248Pacific WorldIt is believed that
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250Pacific WorldShan-tao draws upon
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252Pacific Worldtsan. Hence, Shan-t
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254Pacific Worldmind, deep mind, an
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256Pacific Worldshøgyø zensho (he
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Pure Land Buddhism in China:A Doctr
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282Pacific World. . . the spiritual
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284Pacific World. . . gazes into un
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286Pacific Worldcontemporary observ
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288Pacific WorldThe Dzogchen Primer
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290Pacific Worldinspired by Gampopa
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292Pacific World“effortlessness
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294Pacific Worldaggregate, rather t
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296Pacific WorldAnd yet, Heisig rep
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298Pacific WorldThe next section of
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300Pacific Worldforeign culture, cl
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302Pacific WorldNext, Heisig examin
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304Pacific WorldToward the end of t
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306Pacific Worldaspects, of which t
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308Pacific Worldwarranted. But it i
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310Pacific Worldthe point about the
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312Pacific WorldJaffe argues in the
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BDK ENGLISH TRIPITAKA SERIES:A Prog
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BDK Tripitaka Series: A Progress Re
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This issue of Pacific World:Journal
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