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Davidson: Hidden Realms and Pure Abodes 179versary of the Birth of Alexander Csoma de Körös, Bibliotheca OrientalisHungarica, vol. 29 (Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, vol. 2 [1984], pp. 420–421)corrects this chronology and employs the 1207 dating of ÛåkyaΩr∆ as well.I have (“Gsar ma Apocrypha: The Creation of Orthodoxy, Gray Texts, andthe New Revelation,” in Helmut Eimer and David Germano, eds., TheMany Canons of Tibetan Buddhism [Leiden: Brill. 2002], p. 209) erred ingiving this latter date as 544 CE.46. Bla ma rje btsun chen po’i rnam thar, in Sa-skya bKa’-’bum (Bod NamsRgya Mtsho, 1969) , V148.1.3–2.5.47. His sources include (148.1.6–2.4) the acceptance of the Khotanesereckoning by Grags pa rgyal mtshan, the Khotanese Saµghavardhanavyåkara√a(see Thomas, Tibetan Literary Texts and Documents, vol. 1, pp.39–69) and the Candragarbha-s¥tra (see Nattier, Once Upon a Future Time,pp. 228–77), the *Vimaladev∆vyåkara√a, which is the source normativelycited for the famous line that “2500 years after my nirvana, the Saddharmawill spread to the country of the red faces,” (Thomas, Tibetan Literary Textsand Documents, vol. 1, p. 139) and references to the MañjuΩr∆m¥lakalpa.For a further consideration of this issue, see Davidson,“Gsar ma Apocrypha,”pp. 203–224.48. Much has been made of the Ch’an lineage of Ho-shang Mo-ho-yan, butother systems came in as well; see Marcelle Lalou, “Document Tibétain surl’expansion du Dhyåna Chinois,” Journal Asiatique 231 (1939): pp. 505–523. He (I believe incorrectly) indicates these systems as primarily orexclusively Chinese. See also Jeffrey Broughton, “Early Ch’an Schools inTibet,” in Robert M. Gimello and Peter N. Gregory, eds., Studies in Ch’anand Hua-yen (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1983), pp. 1–68.Broughton sees Ch’an systems as an extension of Chinese and Koreandevelopments, even while acknowledging the Tun Huang connection.49. Ruth W. Dunnell, The Great State of White and High: Buddhism andState Formation in Eleventh-Century Xia (Honolulu: University of Hawai’iPress, 1996), p. 158.50. Ruth W. Dunnell, “The Hsia Origins of the Yüan Institution of ImperialPreceptor,” Asia Major, ser. 3, vol. 51 (1992): pp. 85–111; and Elliot Sperling,“Lama to the King of Hsia,” Journal of the Tibet Society 7 (1987): pp. 31–50.51. Kålacakra-tantra, Biswanath Banerjee, ed., A Critical Edition of Ûr∆Kålacakratantra-Råja (Calcutta: The Asiatic Society, 1985), I.150: bh¥maukailåsakha√∂aµ himigisahitaµ tat tribhågaµ samantåt | båhyecaikaikapatraµ dinakaravi≈ayair b¥≈itaµ dv∆padeΩai© | savyårdheΩambhalåkhyaµ munivaranilayaµ gråmako†yådhivåsaµ | ko†igråmairnibaddho bhavati hi vi≈ayo ma√∂alaµ gråmalak≈ai© ||52. Roberto Vitali, The Kingdoms of Gu.ge Pu.hrang (Dharamsala: Tho.linggtsug.lag.khang lo.gcig.stong ‘khor.ba’i rjes.dran.mdzad sgo’i go.sgrig