PACIFIC WORLD - The Institute of Buddhist Studies

Yamada: Buddhism of Båmiyån 117have been an assembly hall. Instead, one has to believe that it was the siteof some kind of ritual or a place to undergo the practice of contemplationon the impurity of the body.The same kind of curiously constructed cave temple and st¥pa-s can befound in Haibak, which is to the north over the Hindu-kush mountains. 9 Atthe summit of 40 meter-high limestone hill, there is a st¥pa some 8 metersin diameter carved out by digging down into the corridor portion at thecircumference (a circle path). A square structure, which appears to be aplace for the enshrinement of relics, has been carved out on the top of thest¥pa. This room for enshrining of relics can be seen only if one views itfrom close to the top of the hill. From below, it is impossible to see that alarge st¥pa has been chiseled out to look as if it were buried in the ground.In the southern foot of the northern mountain there are five stonecaves, which line up facing the hill of the st¥pa. The first and third caves areshrine caves that come together in an antechamber, and along the surfaceof their walls there are niches. The second cave, which lies between them,can only be considered to be a place in which special rituals were performed.The construction of the fourth and fifth caves is even more curious,and we are completely unable to understand what they might have beenused for. The only way to make sense of the construction of this group ofcaves is to surmise that they were involved in fairly unique rituals. Thestructures that remain make us wonder whether they might have been esotericin nature, or whether they might have involved a mixture of folk beliefs.Among the unique features of the Buddhist relics in Afghanistan are:1. The great number of shrines and st¥pa and objects of worshipsuch as Buddha and bodhisattva images is disproportionate tothe number of vihåra.2. There are a large number of narrative elements.3. A confusing mixture with other religions can be seen. Thisincludes not only the religions of India, Greece, and Persia, butalso local folk beliefs.4. There is an overabundance of decorative adornments.In the background of these features we can easily read between thelines to perceive a flourishing of activities that involved giving and makingreverential offerings, as well as worship and pilgrimage, and a manner offaith that tended strongly toward prayer rather than religious practice.Further, there is a tendency to give visible expression to the transcendentand universal nature of the Buddha and bodhisattvas through massiveand abundant Buddha and bodhisattva images. The strength of thistendency reveals an emotional religious sense weak in conceptual idealityand speculation. Moreover, the state of unearthed scriptural texts indicates