PACIFIC WORLD - The Institute of Buddhist Studies

188Pacific Worldtexts are introduced through Tokharian loan words. Other scholars suggestthat it was Sogdian Buddhism because some Sanskrit terms in theUigur texts are borrowed from Sogdian loan words, and because theSogdians maintained colonies in Turfan and had close contacts withUigurs. Yet others think it was Chinese Buddhism, because, as we saw withthe word burxan (Buddha), the fundamental Buddhist terminology inUigur texts is based on Chinese. My own view is that these terms enteredthe Uigur Buddhist texts from equidistant points. Since at that time peoplelived in multi-lingual and multi-ethnic communities around Turfan andKucha, I think that it is not necessary to identify a single source of initialBuddhist influence upon the Uigur people.The Uigur people, living in multi-ethnic and multi-lingual CentralAsia, produced Uigur translations of the Buddhist texts available to them.For many years we have been deciphering the text fragments collected byexpeditions to the area. Here I provide you a chart titled “Outlook of theTranslation Relationship of the Buddhist Texts in Central Asia” (cf. PlateA), which I created so that you can see the inter-relationships between thetranslated Buddhist texts at a glance. The arrows (→) signify the directiontoward which the translation was made. The accuracy of the directions ofthe arrows are certain because they are based on descriptions in thecolophon attached at the end of each Buddhist text. Question marks (?)mean that, although these texts do not have descriptions in their colophons,historical circumstances and characteristics in the translations suggest thisdirection. An asterisk (*) indicates that the name of the languages is notnecessarily accepted by all scholars. The original chart was made in1994 for students in my seminar. It was updated in 2000 by adding theBactrian entry.I will give a general overview of the Uigur translations of Buddhisttexts. Among the early translations, the Buddhist texts translated fromTokharian and Sogdian, generally speaking, include many avadåna andjåtaka tales, which derive from the Sarvåstivåda school of Nikåya Buddhism.These translations are only found in the early period of UigurBuddhism. Among the Buddhist texts translated from Tokharian, thereis a script for a play about Maitreya-worship. It is very interesting toimagine that religious dramas may have been performed in the gardensof Buddhist temples.Translations from Chinese texts had a strong influence on UigurBuddhism from its early period until its end. A wide variety of ChineseBuddhist texts were translated, including major Buddhist sutras of both theMahåyåna and Nikåya, as well as commentaries, and some apocryphal texts.Translations from Sanskrit texts are, in many cases, bilingual textswritten both in Sanskrit and Uigur. The texts cite the Sanskrit word by wordor phrase by phrase, followed by Uigur translations. Most of the texts usethe Indian Bråhm∆ script to transcribe both the Sanskrit and Uigur. Run-