State of World Population 2012 - UNFPA Haiti

“family planning” services often offer morethan methods of family planning (Janowitz andBratt, 1994). In addition, the costs associatedwith an unintended pregnancy or the benefits ofavoiding one extend beyond the individual andinclude the impact on families, communitiesand nations.In addition, some costs of family planningare borne by health services; others are borneby individuals. In some settings, specific groupsare more or less disadvantaged by having to bearthese costs. In general, the costs of providinginformation are not included in most estimates,which focus more on the delivery of suppliesand services.Programmes that have provided family planningto the initial “easy to reach” groups mayfind that the costs of reaching the next tier ofclients are much greater (Janowitz and Bratt,1994). For one thing, it may be necessary toreach out to people who are more geographicallyremote or socially isolated. The services mayneed to be extended or improved to address therights of marginalized groups.A commitment to fulfil the right to familyplanning requires a complete understanding ofall costs involved in reaching every individual.Is outreach needed to increase the access of disadvantagedgroups? How does a State meet itsobligation to prioritize the hardest to reach evenwhen it does not make full economic sense? Arethere programmatic components beyond theclinic that will need to be included so thatbarriers to access are overcome?The Programme of Action of the ICPDacknowledged social and cultural constraints tohealth and established a rationale for addressingsome of those constraints as part of familyplanning programmes. Yet these sorts of programmesthat go “beyond family planning”can seem removed from services yet have broadhealth and development consequences (Singhand Darroch, 2012). An example would beefforts to work with men and boys to encouragemore equitable gender norms and relationships,including supporting their own or partners’ useof family planning.Activities that support family planningare also essential to rightsCosting has most often focused on healthservices and on generating the of suppliesand services to respond to unmet need.Often neglected is the need to influence theunderlying conditions that shape people’sperspectives on childbearing and permit themto use family planning.A human rights-based approach to sustainabledevelopment can guide policies and programmesin identifying and addressing the inter-relatedweb of factors that lead to unmet need in a given"A commitment to fulfil the right to family planning requiresa complete understanding of all costs involved in reachingevery individual."country or local context. The application of ahuman rights-based approach as a continuumfrom situation analysis, to policy formulationand then to programme costing can help ensurethat public budgets are more sensitive to variousforms of discrimination, and are supportive ofhuman rights.The Guttmacher Institute’s recent costinganalysis notes that, “‘beyond family planning’interventions are needed to address social factorsthat inhibit the use of contraception….Addressing these types of barriers requires commitmentto long-term, extensive interventions,such as providing comprehensive sex educationand well-designed large-scale public educationefforts” (Singh and Darroch, 2012).THE STATE OF WORLD POPULATION 201293