Monitoring ICPD Goals – Selected IndicatorsInfantmortalityTotal per1,000 liveLife expectancyM/FJones, Louisa, Paula Akugizibwe, MichaelaClayton, and others. 2011. “Costing births HumanRights and Community Support Interventionsas a Part <strong>of</strong> Universal Access to HIVTreatment and Care in a Southern AfricanSetting.” Current HIV Research. 9(6):416-428.Jones, Rachel K. and Joerg Dreweke. 2011.Countering Conventional Wisdom: New Evidenceon Religion and Contraceptive Use. New York:Guttmacher Institute.Joshi, Shareen, T. Paul Schultz. 2007. FamilyPlanning as an Investment in Development:Evaluation <strong>of</strong> a Program’s Consequences inMatlab, Bangladesh. New Haven, CT: YaleUniversity.Kabeer, Naila. 2000. Bangladeshi Women andLabour Market Decisions in London and Dhaka.London: Verso.Kabeer, Naila. 1997. “Women, Wages, andIntra-Household Power Relations in UrbanBangladesh.” Development and Change.28(2):261-302.Kamphausen, W. 2000. Health Status <strong>of</strong>Minority Women Living in Europe. Report <strong>of</strong> ameeting in Gothenburg, Sweden, November2000. Brussels: European Commission.Karki, Yagya B. and Radha Krishna. 2008.Factors Responsible for the Rapid Decline <strong>of</strong>Fertility in Nepal—An Interpretation: FurtherAnalysis <strong>of</strong> the 2006 Nepal Demographic andHealth Survey. Calverton, Maryland: MacroInternational.Ketting, Evert and Visser, Adriaan P. 1994.“Contraception in the Netherlands: The LowAbortion Rate Explained.” Patient Educationand Counseling. 23 (3): 161-171.Kim, Young Mi, Caroline Marangwanda, andAdrienne Kols. 1996. Involving Men in FamilyPlanning: The Zimbabwe Male Motivation andFamily Planning Method Expansion Project,1993-1994. Baltimore: Johns HopkinsSchool <strong>of</strong> Public Health, Center forCommunication Programs.Kimmel, Michael S. 2000. The GenderedSociety. New York: Oxford University Press.Indicators <strong>of</strong> Mortality Indicators <strong>of</strong> Education Reproductive Health IndicatorsMaternalmortalityratioPrimary enrolment(gross) M/FProportionreaching grade 5M/FSecondaryenrolment(gross) M/FKinsman, John; Nyanzi, Stella; Pool, Robert(2000). Socializing Influences and the Value<strong>of</strong> Sex: The Experience <strong>of</strong> Adolescent SchoolGirls in Rural Masaka, Uganda Culture, Health& Sexuality. Vol. 2, No. 2 (Apr. - Jun., 2000):151-166.Kirby, Douglas. 2008. “The Impact <strong>of</strong>Abstinence and Comprehensive Sex andSTD/HIV Education Programs on AdolescentSexual Behavior.” Sexuality Research and SocialPolicy. 5(3): 18-27.Koenig, Michael A., Mian Bazle Hossain, andMaxine Whittaker. 1997. “The Influence <strong>of</strong>Quality <strong>of</strong> Care upon Contraceptive Use inRural Bangladesh.” Studies in Family Planning.28 (4): 278-289.Korenman, Sanders, Robert Kaestner andTed Joyce. 2002. “Consequences for Infants<strong>of</strong> Parental Disagreement In PregnancyIntention.” Perspectives on Sexual andReproductive Health Volume 34, Number 4,July/August.Kruger, Diana, Matias Berthelon, and RodrigoNavia. 2009. Adolescent Motherhood andSecondary Schooling in Chile. IZA DiscussionPaper Series Paper No. 4552.Kulcycki, Andrzej. 2011. “Abortion in LatinAmerica: Changes in Practice, GrowingConflict, and Recent Policy Developments.”Studies in Family Planning. 42(3): 199-220.Lam, David, Leticia Marteleto, and VimalRanchhod. 2009. Schooling and SexualBehavior in South Africa: The Role <strong>of</strong> Peer Effects.Presentation to the XXVI IUSSP International<strong>Population</strong> Conference, Marrakech, Morocco,September 2009.Landry, Evelyn, and Victoria Ward. 1997.“Perspectives from Couples on the VasectomyDecision.” Reproductive Health Matters.London: Reproductive Health Matters.Leathers, Sonya J. and Michele A. Kelley.2000. “Unintended Pregnancy and DepressiveSymptoms Among First-Time Mothers andFathers.” American Journal <strong>of</strong> Orthopsychiatry.70(4): 523-531.Lee, Ronald. 2003. “The DemographicTransition: Three Centuries <strong>of</strong> FundamentalChange.” Journal <strong>of</strong> Economic Perspectives.17(4): 167-190.% Illiterate(>15 years)Births per1,000ContraceptivePrevalenceHIVprevalenceM/Fwomenrate (%)Lee, Ronald and Andrew aged Mason. Any 2006. Modern “What (15-49)15-19method methodsM/Fis the Demographic Dividend?” Finance andDevelopment. 43(3): 16.Lee, Ronald, Andrew Mason, andTimothy Miller. 2000. “Life Cycle andthe Demographic Transition: The Case <strong>of</strong>Taiwan.” <strong>Population</strong> and Development Review.26 (Supplement: <strong>Population</strong> and EconomicChange in East Asia): 194-219.Lee, Ronald, Andrew Mason, and TimothyMiller. 1997. Saving, Wealth, and theDemographic Transition in East Asia. Honolulu:East-West Center.Levine, Ruth, The What Works WorkingGroup, with Molly Kinder. 2004. MillionsSaved: Proven Successes in Global Health.Washington, DC: Center for GlobalDevelopment.Levine, Ruth, Cynthia B. Lloyd, MargaretGreene, and others. 2008. Girls Count:A Global Investment and Action Agenda.Washington, DC: Center for GlobalDevelopment.Lewis, Maureen, and Marlaine Lockheed.2007. Inexcusable Absence: Why 60 MillionGirls Aren’t in School and What to Do AboutIt. Washington, DC: Center for GlobalDevelopment.Lin, Yim Yuet. 2007. “Working from a Rights-Based Approach to Health Service Delivery toSex Workers.” Exchange. Accessible at: http://www.kit.nl/net/KIT_Publicaties_output/ShowFile2.aspx?e=1277.Lloyd, Cynthia B., ed. 2005. GrowingUp Global: The Changing Transitionsto Adulthood in Developing Countries.Washington, DC: National Academy<strong>of</strong> Sciences.Lloyd, Cynthia B. 2009. New Lessons: ThePower <strong>of</strong> Educating Adolescent Girls-A GirlsCount Report on Educating Adolescent Girls.New York: The <strong>Population</strong> Council.Lloyd, Cynthia B. 2007. The Role <strong>of</strong> Schoolsin Promoting Sexual and Reproductive HealthAmong Adolescents in Developing Countries.Poverty, Gender, and Youth Working PaperNo. 6. New York: <strong>Population</strong> Council.122 INDICATORSBIBLIOGRAPHY
Monitoring ICPD Goals – Selected IndicatorsInfantmortalityTotal per1,000 liveLife expectancyM/FLloyd, Cynthia B. and Barbara S. Mensch.2008. Marriage and childbirth birthsas factorsin dropping out from school: an analysis <strong>of</strong>DHS data from sub-Saharan Africa. <strong>Population</strong>Studies Mar; 62(1):1-13.Indicators <strong>of</strong> Mortality Indicators <strong>of</strong> Education Reproductive Health IndicatorsMaternalmortalityratioPrimary enrolment(gross) M/FProportionreaching grade 5M/FSecondaryenrolment(gross) M/FMcQueston, Kate, Rachel Silverman, andAmanda Glassman. <strong>2012</strong>. Adolescent Fertility inLow- and Middle-Income Countries: Effects andSolutions. Working Paper 295. Washington,DC: Center for Global Development.% Illiterate(>15 years)Births per1,000ContraceptivePrevalenceHIVprevalenceM/Fwomenrate (%)Montgomery, Mark aged R. 1996. Any “Comments Modern on (15-49)15-19method methodsM/FMen, Women, and Unintended Pregnancy.”<strong>Population</strong> and Development Review. 22(Supplement: Fertility in the United <strong>State</strong>s:New Patterns, New Theories): 100-106.Loaiza, Edilberto, and Sarah Blake. 2010. HowUniversal is Access to Reproductive Health?:A Review <strong>of</strong> the Evidence. New York: UnitedNations <strong>Population</strong> Fund.Lyerly, Anne Drapkin and Jean Anderson.2001. “Human Immunodeficiency Virusand Assisted Reproduction: ReconsideringEvidence, Reframing Ethics.” Fertility andSterility. 75(5): 843-858.Maart, S and J Jelsma. 2010. “The SexualBehaviour <strong>of</strong> Physically Disabled Adolescents.”Disability and Rehabilitation. 32(6):438-443.Maine, Deborah, Murat Z. Akalin, JyotsnamoyChakraborty, and others. 1996. “Why didMaternal Mortality Decline in Matlab.” Studiesin Family Planning. 27(4): 179-187.Malhotra, Anju, Ann Warner, AliisonMcGonagle, and others. 2011. Solutions toEnd Child Marriage: What the Evidence Shows.Washington, DC: International Center forResearch on Women.Mason, Andrew and Sang-Hyop Lee. 2004.The Demographic Dividend and PovertyReduction. Presentation to Seminar on theRelevance <strong>of</strong> <strong>Population</strong> Aspects for theAchievement <strong>of</strong> the Millenium DevelopmentGoals New York NY, November 17-19, 2004.Honolulu: East-West Center.Marsiglio, William. 1988. “Adolescent MaleSexuality and Heterosexual Masculinity: AConceptual Model and Review.” Journal <strong>of</strong>Adolescent Research. 3 (3-4): 285-303.McCleary-Sills, Jennifer, Allison McGonagle,and Anju Malhotra. <strong>2012</strong>. Women’s Demandfor Reproductive Control: Understanding andAddressing Gender Barriers. Washington, DC:International Center for Research on Women.McLanahan, Sara and Gary Sandefur. 1994.Growing Up With a Single Parent: WhatHurts, What Helps. Cambridge, MA: HarvardUniversity Press.Meekers, Dominique. 1994. “Sexual Initiationand Premarital Childbearing in Sub-SaharanAfrica.” <strong>Population</strong> Studies. 48 (1): 47-67.Mensch, Barbara S., Judith Bruce, MargaretE. Greene. 1999. The Uncharted Passage: Girls’Adolescence in the Developing <strong>World</strong>. New York:<strong>Population</strong> Council.Mensch, Barbara S., Monica J. Grant, and AnnK. Blanc. 2005. The Changing Context <strong>of</strong> SexualInitiation in Sub-Saharan Africa. New York:<strong>Population</strong> Council.Mgbako, Chi, Meghan Gabriel, Laura Garr,and others. 2008. Rights-Based Sex WorkerEmpowerment Guidelines: An Alternative HIV/AIDS Intervention Approach to the 100%Condom Use Programme. Maharashta: Centerfor Advocacy on Stigma and Marginalization.Michau, Lori, Dipak Naker and ZaharaSwalehe. 2002. “Mobilizing Communities toEnd Violence Against Women in Tanzania.”In Responding to Cairo: Case Studies <strong>of</strong>Changing Practice in Reproductive Health andFamily Planning, Nicole Haberland and DianaMeasham, eds. New York: <strong>Population</strong> Council.Miguel, Edward and Michael Kremer. 2004.“Worms: Identifying Impacts on Educationand Health in the Presence <strong>of</strong> TreatmentExternalities.” Econometrica. 72(1): 159-217.Miller, Grant. 2009. “Contraception asDevelopment? New Evidence from FamilyPlanning in Colombia.” The Economic Journal.120(545):709-736.Miller, S., F. Lester, M. Webster, B. Cowan.“Obstetric Fistula: A Preventable Tragedy.”Journal <strong>of</strong> Midwifery and Women’s Health.50(4): 286-294.“Monitoring MDG Target 5B”. MDG5at 10. Commonwealth Medical Trust, 01January 2010. Web. 10 July. <strong>2012</strong>. http://mdg5at10.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=3:mdg-target-5b&layout=blog&Itemid=4.Mora G., C. Betts, J. Gay, and others. 1993.Quality <strong>of</strong> Care in Women’s ReproductiveHealth: A Framework for Latin America and theCaribbean. Washington, DC: Pan AmericanHealth Organization.Muhuri, Pradip K. 1996. “EstimatingSeasonality Effects on Child Mortalityin Matlab, Bangladesh.” Demography.33(1): 98-110.Muhuri, Pradip K. 1995. “Health Programs,Maternal Education, and Differential ChildMortality in Matlab, Bangladesh.” <strong>Population</strong>and Development Review. 21(4): 813-834.Muhuri, Pradip K. and Samuel H. Preston.1991. “Effects <strong>of</strong> Family Composition onMortality Differentials by Sex Among Childrenin Matlab, Bangladesh. “ <strong>Population</strong> andDevelopment Review. 17(3): 415-434.Murthy, Nirmala, Lakshmi Ramachandar,Pertti Pelto and Akhila Vasan. 2002.“Dismantling India’s Contraceptive TargetSystem: An Overview and Three CaseStudies.” In Responding to Cairo: Case Studies<strong>of</strong> Changing Practice in Reproductive Health andFamily Planning, Nicole Haberland and DianaMeasham, eds. New York: <strong>Population</strong> Council.“Namibia: Women Take Legal Action OverAlleged Sterilisations.” Irin Plus News. 25 June2009. Accessible at: http://www.irinnews.org/Report/85012/NAMIBIA-Women-takelegal-action-over-alleged-sterilisations.National Research Council and Institute <strong>of</strong>Medicine, panel on Transitions to Adulthoodin Developing Countries, Cynthia B. Lloyd(ed.). 2005. Growing up Global: The ChangingTransitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries.Washington, DC: National Academies Press.Office <strong>of</strong> the High Commissioner for HumanRights. Convention on the Rights <strong>of</strong> the Child.3 June <strong>2012</strong>.THE STATE OF WORLD POPULATION <strong>2012</strong>123
- Page 6 and 7:
OverviewOne hundred seventy-nine go
- Page 8 and 9:
The report is structured to answer
- Page 10 and 11:
viiiCHAPTER 1: THE RIGHT TO FAMILY
- Page 12 and 13:
“All human beings are born free a
- Page 14 and 15:
Treaties, conventions and agreement
- Page 16 and 17:
Health: a social and economic right
- Page 18:
“Everyone has the right to educat
- Page 21 and 22:
designing and delivering accessible
- Page 23 and 24:
use, and reduces unintended pregnan
- Page 26 and 27:
16 CHAPTER 2: ANALYSING DATA AND TR
- Page 28 and 29:
Change in Age-Specific Fertility Ra
- Page 30 and 31:
Sexuality, sexual and gender stereo
- Page 32 and 33:
not necessarily associated with a d
- Page 34 and 35:
METHOD EFFECTIVENESSMethod, rankedf
- Page 36 and 37:
tCouple visiting a ruralfamily plan
- Page 38:
Demand and supply over time5 per ce
- Page 41 and 42:
contribute to high unmet need (Sing
- Page 43 and 44:
abortions in the region lead to mor
- Page 45 and 46:
(as stated in the Convention on the
- Page 47 and 48:
arriers prevent individuals from ac
- Page 49 and 50:
CHAPTERTHREEChallenges in extending
- Page 51 and 52:
sources of sexual and reproductive
- Page 53 and 54:
messages were delivered via a numbe
- Page 55 and 56:
Ricardo, 2005). Moreover, young and
- Page 58 and 59:
per cent in Guatemala. Across all c
- Page 60 and 61:
tTeenager inMadagascar listens toa
- Page 62 and 63:
Consensual unions account for an in
- Page 64 and 65:
when. The proportion of never-marri
- Page 66 and 67:
63 per cent to 93 per cent of young
- Page 68 and 69:
Family planning in humanitariansett
- Page 71 and 72:
Studies suggest that HIV may have a
- Page 73 and 74:
with a public health challenge (Wor
- Page 75 and 76:
State-run family planning programme
- Page 77 and 78:
people in mobile, temporary, and re
- Page 79 and 80:
systems and civic participation to
- Page 81 and 82: CHAPTERFOURThe social and economici
- Page 83 and 84: tCommunityeducation inCaracas, Vene
- Page 85 and 86: Estimates of Total Fertility2010-20
- Page 87 and 88: children, and healthier women also
- Page 89 and 90: empirical evidence supporting this
- Page 92 and 93: tRicardo and Sarain Mexico City say
- Page 94 and 95: to secure the future population’s
- Page 96 and 97: 86 CHAPTER 5: THE COSTS AND SAVINGS
- Page 98 and 99: Unintended Pregnancies and outcomes
- Page 100 and 101: tDonor Commitmentspanel at the Lond
- Page 102 and 103: UNFPA supports the Health for All c
- Page 104 and 105: tDr. BabatundeOsotimehin, Executive
- Page 106 and 107: 96 CHAPTER 6: MAKING THE RIGHT TO F
- Page 108 and 109: When individuals are able to exerci
- Page 110 and 111: Family planning programmes must ref
- Page 112 and 113: Family planning programmes reinforc
- Page 114: tPresident of NigeriaGoodluck Jonat
- Page 117 and 118: Monitoring Monitoring ICPD ICPD Goa
- Page 119 and 120: Monitoring Monitoring ICPD ICPD Goa
- Page 121 and 122: Monitoring Monitoring ICPD ICPD Goa
- Page 123 and 124: Monitoring ICPD Goals Demographic -
- Page 125 and 126: Monitoring ICPD Goals - Selected In
- Page 127 and 128: BibliographyAbbasi-Shavazi, Mohamma
- Page 129 and 130: Monitoring ICPD Goals - Selected In
- Page 131: Monitoring ICPD Goals - Selected In
- Page 135 and 136: Monitoring ICPD Goals - Selected In
- Page 137 and 138: Monitoring ICPD Goals - Selected In
- Page 140: Delivering a world where every preg