Monitoring ICPD Goals – Selected IndicatorsIndicators <strong>of</strong> Mortality Indicators <strong>of</strong> Education Reproductive Health Indicatorsbirth rate measures the annual Infant number Life <strong>of</strong> expectancy births to women Maternal 15 to 19 Primary enrolment union. Proportion For further Secondary analysis, see % Illiterate also Adding it Births Up: per Cost Contraceptive and Benefits <strong>of</strong> HIVmortality M/Fmortality (gross) M/F reaching grade 5 enrolment (>15 years) 1,000 Prevalenceprevalenceyears <strong>of</strong> age per 1,000 women in that age group. It represents the risk Contraceptive Services: Estimates for <strong>2012</strong>. Guttmacher InstituteTotal perratioM/F(gross) M/F M/Fwomenrate (%)1,000 liveagedAny Modern<strong>of</strong> childbearing among adolescent women 15 to 19 years <strong>of</strong> age. For civil and <strong>UNFPA</strong>.(15-49)births15-19method methodsM/Fregistration, rates are subject to limitations which depend on the completeness<strong>of</strong> birth registration, the treatment <strong>of</strong> infants born alive butdead before registration or within the first 24 hours <strong>of</strong> life, the quality <strong>of</strong>the reported information relating to age <strong>of</strong> the mother, and the inclusion<strong>of</strong> births from previous periods. The population estimates may sufferfrom limitations connected to age misreporting and coverage. For surveyand census data, both the numerator and denominator come from thesame population. The main limitations concern age misreporting, birthomissions, misreporting the date <strong>of</strong> birth <strong>of</strong> the child, and samplingvariability in the case <strong>of</strong> surveys.Under age 5 mortality, per 1,000 live births. Source: United Nations,EducationMale and female net enrolment rate in primary education (adjusted),male and female net enrolment rate in secondary education, 2010 orlatest year. Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics, data release <strong>of</strong> May<strong>2012</strong>. Accessible through: stats.uis.unesco.org. The net enrolment ratesindicate the enrolment <strong>of</strong> the <strong>of</strong>ficial age group for a given level <strong>of</strong> educationexpressed as a percentage <strong>of</strong> the corresponding population. Theadjusted net enrolment rate in primary also includes children <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>ficialprimary school age enrolled in secondary education. Data presented arethe most recent year estimates available for the period 1999-2011.Department <strong>of</strong> Economic and Social Affairs, <strong>Population</strong> Division (2011).<strong>World</strong> <strong>Population</strong> Prospects: The 2010 Revision. DVD Edition - ExtendedDataset in Excel and ASCII formats (United Nations publication, ST/ESA/SER.A/306). Under age 5 mortality is the probability (expressed as arate per 1,000 live births) <strong>of</strong> a child born in a specified year dying beforereaching the age <strong>of</strong> five if subject to current age-specific mortality rates.Demographic indicatorsTotal population, <strong>2012</strong>. Source: United Nations, Department <strong>of</strong>Economic and Social Affairs, <strong>Population</strong> Division (2011). <strong>World</strong> <strong>Population</strong>Prospects: The 2010 Revision. DVD Edition - Extended Dataset in Excel andASCII formats (United Nations publication, ST/ESA/SER.A/306) Theseindicators present the estimated size <strong>of</strong> national populations at mid-year.Sexual and reproductive healthContraceptive prevalence. Source: United Nations, Department <strong>of</strong>Economic and Social Affairs, <strong>Population</strong> Division (<strong>2012</strong>). <strong>2012</strong> Update forthe MDG Database: Contraceptive Prevalence (POP/DB/CP/A/MDG<strong>2012</strong>).These data are derived from sample survey reports and estimate theproportion <strong>of</strong> married women (including women in consensual unions)currently using, respectively, any method or modern methods <strong>of</strong> contraception.Modern or clinic and supply methods include male and femalesterilization, IUD, the pill, injectables, hormonal implants, condoms andfemale barrier methods. These numbers are roughly but not completelycomparable across countries due to variation in the timing <strong>of</strong> the surveysand in the details <strong>of</strong> the questions. All country and regional data referto women aged 15-49. The most recent survey data available are cited,ranging from 1990-2011.Unmet need for family planning. Source: United Nations, Department<strong>of</strong> Economic and Social Affairs, <strong>Population</strong> Division (<strong>2012</strong>). <strong>2012</strong>Update for the MDG Database: Unmet Need for Family Planning (POP/DB/CP/B/MDG<strong>2012</strong>). Women with unmet need for spacing births arethose who are fecund and sexually active but are not using any method<strong>of</strong> contraception, and report wanting to delay the next child. This isa subcategory <strong>of</strong> total unmet need for family planning, which alsoincludes unmet need for limiting births. The concept <strong>of</strong> unmet needpoints to the gap between women's reproductive intentions and theircontraceptive behavior. For MDG monitoring, unmet need is expressedas a percentage based on women who are married or in a consensualAverage annual rate <strong>of</strong> population change (%) Source: UnitedNations, Department <strong>of</strong> Economic and Social Affairs, <strong>Population</strong> Division(2011). <strong>World</strong> <strong>Population</strong> Prospects: The 2010 Revision. DVD Edition -Extended Dataset in Excel and ASCII formats (United Nations publication,ST/ESA/SER.A/306). Average annual rate <strong>of</strong> population change is theaverage exponential rate <strong>of</strong> growth <strong>of</strong> the population over a given period.It is based on a medium variant projection.Male and female life expectancy at birth. Source: United Nations,Department <strong>of</strong> Economic and Social Affairs, <strong>Population</strong> Division (2011). <strong>World</strong><strong>Population</strong> Prospects: The 2010 Revision. DVD Edition - Extended Dataset inExcel and ASCII formats (United Nations publication, ST/ESA/SER.A/306).These indicators are measures <strong>of</strong> mortality levels, respectively, andrepresent the average number <strong>of</strong> years <strong>of</strong> life expected by a hypotheticalcohort <strong>of</strong> individuals who would be subject during all their lives to themortality rates <strong>of</strong> a given period. Data are for the period 2010-2015 andare expressed as years.Total fertility rate. Source: United Nations, Department <strong>of</strong> Economicand Social Affairs, <strong>Population</strong> Division (2011). <strong>World</strong> <strong>Population</strong>Prospects: The 2010 Revision. DVD Edition - Extended Dataset in Excel andASCII formats (United Nations publication, ST/ESA/SER.A/306). Themeasure indicates the number <strong>of</strong> children a woman would have duringher reproductive years if she bore children at the rate estimated for differentage groups in the specified time period. Countries may reach theprojected level at different points within the period. Estimates are forthe period 2010-2015.116 INDICATORS
BibliographyAbbasi-Shavazi, Mohammad Jalal, PeterMcDonald, and Meimanat Hosseini-Chavoshi.2011. “The Fertility Transition in Iran:Revolution and Reproduction.” Studies inFamily Planning 42(3): 233-235.Abdel-Tawab, Nahla, Dale Huntington, EzzeldinOsman, Hala Youssef and Laila Nawar. 2002.“Recovery from Abortion and Miscarriage inEgypt: Does Counseling Husbands Help?” In,Haberland, Nicole and Diana Measham, eds.,Responding to Cairo: Case Studies <strong>of</strong> ChangingPractice in Reproductive Health and FamilyPlanning. New York: <strong>Population</strong> Council.Abma, Joyce C., Gladys Martinez, and CaseyE. Copen. 2010. “Teenagers in the United<strong>State</strong>s: Sexual Activity, Contraceptive Use,and Childbearing, National Survey <strong>of</strong> FamilyGrowth 2006-2008.” Vital and HealthStatistics. 23(30): 1-47.AbouZahr, Carla and others. 1996. “QualityHealth Care for Women: A Global Challenge.”Health Care for Women International. 17(5):449-467.Abraham, W., A. Adamu, and D. Deresse.2010. “The Involvement <strong>of</strong> Men in FamilyPlanning An Application <strong>of</strong> TranstheoreticalModel in Wolaita Soddo Town SouthEhtiopia.” Asian Journal <strong>of</strong> Medical Sciences.2(2): 44-50.Advocates for Youth. 2011. “Adolescent SexualHealth in Europe and the United <strong>State</strong>s: TheCase for a Rights. Respect. Responsibility.Approach.” Fact Sheet. Washington, DC:Advocates for Youth.Aka-Dago-Akribi, H, A. Desgrees Du Lou,Phillippe Msellati, and others. 1999. “IssuesSurrounding Reproductive Choice for WomenLiving with HIV in Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire.”Reproductive Health Matters. 7(13): 20-29.Alderman, Harold, Jere. R. Behrman, VictorLavy, and others. 2001. “Child Health andSchool Enrollment: A Longitudinal Analysis.”The Journal <strong>of</strong> Human Resources. 36(1):185-205.Almond, Douglas. 2006. “Is the 1918Influenza Pandemic Over? Long-Term Effects<strong>of</strong> In Utero Influenza Exposure in the Post-1940 U.S. <strong>Population</strong>.” Journal <strong>of</strong> PoliticalEconomy. 114(4): 672-712.Almond, Douglas and Janet Currie. 2011.“Killing Me S<strong>of</strong>tly: The Fetal OriginsHypothesis.” Journal <strong>of</strong> Economic Perspectives.25(3): 153-172.Almond, Douglas, Lena Edlund, Hongbin Li,and others. 2007. “Long-Term Effects <strong>of</strong> the1959-1961 China Famine: Mainland Chinaand Hong Kong.” National Bureau <strong>of</strong> EconomicResearch Working Paper Series. No. 13384.Almond, Douglas and Bhashkar Mazumder.2008. “Health Capital and the PrenatalEnvironment: The Effect <strong>of</strong> Maternal FastingDuring Pregnancy.” National Bureau <strong>of</strong>Economic Research Working Paper Series.No. 14428.Anderson, John E., Denise J. Jamieson, LeeWarner, and others. <strong>2012</strong>. “ContraceptiveSterilization Among Married Adults: NationalData on Who Chooses Vasectomy and TubalSterilization.” Contraception. 85(6): 552-557.Angusto E. Semprini, Simona Fiore, GioigioPardi. 1997. “Reproductive Counseling for HIV-Discordant Couples.” The Lancet. 349(9062):1401-1402.Austveg, Berit. 2011. "Perpetuating power:some reasons why reproductive healthhas stalled." Reproductive Health Matters.19(38):26-34.Bailey, Martha J. 2006. “More Power to thePill: The Impact <strong>of</strong> Contraceptive Freedomon Women’s Life Cycle Labor Supply.” TheQuarterly Journal <strong>of</strong> Economics. 121(1):289-320.Bankole A and Singh S. 1998. Couples’fertility and contraceptive decision-makingin developing countries: hearing the man’svoice, International Family Planning Perspectives,1998, 24(1): 15–24.Barham, Tania. 2009. “Effects <strong>of</strong> EarlyChildhood Health and Family PlanningInterventions on Adolescent CognitiveFunctioning: Evidence from Matlab inBangladesh.” Working Paper.Barker, Gary T. 2005. Dying to Be Men: Youth,Masculinity, and Social Exclusion. Abingdon:Routledge.Barker, Gary, Margaret E. Greene, EveGoldstein Siegel, and others. 2010. What MenHave to Do With It: Public Policies to PromoteGender Equality. Washington, DC: InternationalCenter for Research on Women.Barker, Gary and Peter Pawlak. 2011. “EvolvingMen? Men, Families, Gender Equality andCare.” In Men in Families and Family Policy ina Changing <strong>World</strong>. New York: The Divisionfor Social Policy and Development <strong>of</strong> theUnited Nations Department <strong>of</strong> Economicand Social Affairs.Barker, Gary and Christine Ricardo. 2005.Young Men and the Construction <strong>of</strong> Masculinityin Sub-Saharan Africa: Implication for HIV/AIDS, Conflict, and Violence. Social DevelopmentPapers: Conflict Prevention and Reconstruction.Paper No. 26.Barker, Gary, Christine Ricardo, and MarcosNascimento. 2007. Engaging Men and Boysin Changing Gender-Based Inequity in Health:Evidence from Programme Interventions. Geneva:<strong>World</strong> Health Organization.Batini, Nicoletta, Tim Callen, and WarwickMcKibbin. 2006. The Global Impact <strong>of</strong>Demographic Change. International MonetaryFund Working Paper. Washington, DC: IMF.Behrman, Jere R. and Mark R. Rosenzweig.2004. “Returns to Birthweight.” The Review <strong>of</strong>Economics and Statistics. 86(2): 586-601.Bertrand, Jane T. 2011. USAID Graduation fromFamily Planning Assistance: Implications for LatinAmerica. Washington, DC: <strong>Population</strong> Instituteand Tulane University School <strong>of</strong> Public Healthand Tropical Medicine.Bertrand, Jane T., Karen Hardee, Robert J.Magnani, and others. 1995. “Access, Quality<strong>of</strong> Care and Medical Barriers in FamilyPlanning Programs.” International FamilyPlanning Services. 21(2): 64-69, 74.Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Tahmeed Ahmed,Robert E. Black, and others. 2008. “WhatWorks? Interventions for Maternal and ChildUndernutrition and Survival.” The Lancet.371(9610): 417-440.Biddlecom, Ann E., and Bolaji M. Fapohunda.1998. “Covert Contraceptive Use: Prevalence,Motivations, and Consequences.” Studies inFamily Planning. 29(4): 360-372.THE STATE OF WORLD POPULATION <strong>2012</strong>117
- Page 6 and 7:
OverviewOne hundred seventy-nine go
- Page 8 and 9:
The report is structured to answer
- Page 10 and 11:
viiiCHAPTER 1: THE RIGHT TO FAMILY
- Page 12 and 13:
“All human beings are born free a
- Page 14 and 15:
Treaties, conventions and agreement
- Page 16 and 17:
Health: a social and economic right
- Page 18:
“Everyone has the right to educat
- Page 21 and 22:
designing and delivering accessible
- Page 23 and 24:
use, and reduces unintended pregnan
- Page 26 and 27:
16 CHAPTER 2: ANALYSING DATA AND TR
- Page 28 and 29:
Change in Age-Specific Fertility Ra
- Page 30 and 31:
Sexuality, sexual and gender stereo
- Page 32 and 33:
not necessarily associated with a d
- Page 34 and 35:
METHOD EFFECTIVENESSMethod, rankedf
- Page 36 and 37:
tCouple visiting a ruralfamily plan
- Page 38:
Demand and supply over time5 per ce
- Page 41 and 42:
contribute to high unmet need (Sing
- Page 43 and 44:
abortions in the region lead to mor
- Page 45 and 46:
(as stated in the Convention on the
- Page 47 and 48:
arriers prevent individuals from ac
- Page 49 and 50:
CHAPTERTHREEChallenges in extending
- Page 51 and 52:
sources of sexual and reproductive
- Page 53 and 54:
messages were delivered via a numbe
- Page 55 and 56:
Ricardo, 2005). Moreover, young and
- Page 58 and 59:
per cent in Guatemala. Across all c
- Page 60 and 61:
tTeenager inMadagascar listens toa
- Page 62 and 63:
Consensual unions account for an in
- Page 64 and 65:
when. The proportion of never-marri
- Page 66 and 67:
63 per cent to 93 per cent of young
- Page 68 and 69:
Family planning in humanitariansett
- Page 71 and 72:
Studies suggest that HIV may have a
- Page 73 and 74:
with a public health challenge (Wor
- Page 75 and 76: State-run family planning programme
- Page 77 and 78: people in mobile, temporary, and re
- Page 79 and 80: systems and civic participation to
- Page 81 and 82: CHAPTERFOURThe social and economici
- Page 83 and 84: tCommunityeducation inCaracas, Vene
- Page 85 and 86: Estimates of Total Fertility2010-20
- Page 87 and 88: children, and healthier women also
- Page 89 and 90: empirical evidence supporting this
- Page 92 and 93: tRicardo and Sarain Mexico City say
- Page 94 and 95: to secure the future population’s
- Page 96 and 97: 86 CHAPTER 5: THE COSTS AND SAVINGS
- Page 98 and 99: Unintended Pregnancies and outcomes
- Page 100 and 101: tDonor Commitmentspanel at the Lond
- Page 102 and 103: UNFPA supports the Health for All c
- Page 104 and 105: tDr. BabatundeOsotimehin, Executive
- Page 106 and 107: 96 CHAPTER 6: MAKING THE RIGHT TO F
- Page 108 and 109: When individuals are able to exerci
- Page 110 and 111: Family planning programmes must ref
- Page 112 and 113: Family planning programmes reinforc
- Page 114: tPresident of NigeriaGoodluck Jonat
- Page 117 and 118: Monitoring Monitoring ICPD ICPD Goa
- Page 119 and 120: Monitoring Monitoring ICPD ICPD Goa
- Page 121 and 122: Monitoring Monitoring ICPD ICPD Goa
- Page 123 and 124: Monitoring ICPD Goals Demographic -
- Page 125: Monitoring ICPD Goals - Selected In
- Page 129 and 130: Monitoring ICPD Goals - Selected In
- Page 131 and 132: Monitoring ICPD Goals - Selected In
- Page 133 and 134: Monitoring ICPD Goals - Selected In
- Page 135 and 136: Monitoring ICPD Goals - Selected In
- Page 137 and 138: Monitoring ICPD Goals - Selected In
- Page 140: Delivering a world where every preg