State of World Population 2012 - UNFPA Haiti

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Family planning programmes reinforce thepositive impacts of other programmes thatinvest in human capital. By reducing maternalmortality and increasing life expectancy, suchprogrammes raise the return to schooling andthus increase the returns to investment ineducation, particularly for girls. Governmentsshould regard family planning in the sameway they view and prioritize other humancapitalinvestments in education, labour forceparticipation and political participation.By reducing maternal mortality and increasing life expectancy,such programmes raise the return to schooling and thusincrease the returns to investment in education, particularly forgirls. Governments should regard family planning in the sameway they view and prioritize other human-capital investments ineducation, labour force participation and political participation.The close relationship between declines infertility and improvements in women’s rightssuggests that governments and multilateralinstitutions should not only focus on promotingdirect legislative changes for women’s rights butshould also invest in family planning and otherprogrammes that invest in human capital. Thisis one more way of improving the bargainingposition of women in society.Family planning programmes are not,however, a substitute for other types ofinvestments in human capital. In fact, familyplanning programmes and declines in fertilityhave their maximum impact in societies thatare making complementary investments inincreasing female schooling, expanding labourmarket opportunities, and experiencingeconomic changes that fundamentally changethe cost-benefit tradeoff of high fertility.Programmes have often been most effectivewhen coupled with other types of maternaland child health inputs.3 Ensure the right to family planningof specific excluded groupsAs an essential part of governments’ commitmentsto rectifying inequalities in health,programmes must address the financial,physical, legal, social and cultural factors thatmake it difficult for so many people to seekhealth services and overcome the intersectingforms of discrimination they may face.Poor women who have no access to familyplanning have more children than they intend.Meanwhile, wealthy and educated elites,wherever they are, tend to have access to familyplanning, independent of whether policies orprogrammes support it. In many countries, eventhough efforts have been made to overcomehealth inequities by targeting services for thepoor, the benefits are often accrued mainlyby those who are already better off (Gwatkinand others, 2007). To improve access tocontraceptive information and services for thepoor, programmes must often address not justthe financial obstacles but also the physicalobstacles (such as distance to health facilitiesand the opportunity costs of lost work timeto visit family planning providers) and socialand cultural factors (including disrespectful orjudgmental treatment by health workers, lackof autonomy in making decisions about healthservices or family or community opposition tocontraceptive use).In countries where it is needed, new legislationshould be introduced to ensure universalaccess to family planning; in others, stepsmust be taken to ensure the equitableimplementation of existing legislation, policiesand programming. Government support forfamily planning should include actions thatmake services available to marginalized groups,102 CHAPTER 6: MAKING THE RIGHT TO FAMILY PLANNING UNIVERSAL
including indigenous and ethnic minorities andpersons who live in hard-to-reach urban andrural communities (United Nations Economicand Social Council, 2009).Family planning policies and programmesmust respond to the needs of unmarriedpersons of all ages whose numbers are growingworldwide. Young people and adults areentering, staying, and ending partnerships inways different from previous generations, andeducation and services must respond to thesechanges. Young people need services betweentheir first sexual experiences and when theymarry. Expanding access to meet young peoples’sexual and reproductive health needs will requireadvocacy and other actions that shift attitudesabout young peoples’ sexual and reproductiveexperiences. Services and information should bemade available to adults who are separated fromtheir partners or in new partnerships later in life.As people grow older, they face shifting pressuresto fulfil community and familial expectationsrelated to sex, marriage, and childbearing. Astheir roles evolve, their need for family planningoften recedes from the view of policymakers andprogramme designers.Family planning programmes should beexpanded so that services are available toyoung, married women and their husbands.Married adolescents face great difficulties inaccessing family planning services, and aretherefore vulnerable to unintended or unwantedpregnancies and their negative health effects(Ortayli and Malarcher, 2010; Godha, HotchkisstA couple in Botswanalearns about contraceptiveoptions.© Panos/Giacomo PirozziTHE STATE OF WORLD POPULATION 2012103
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OverviewOne hundred seventy-nine go
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The report is structured to answer
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viiiCHAPTER 1: THE RIGHT TO FAMILY
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“All human beings are born free a
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Treaties, conventions and agreement
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Health: a social and economic right
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“Everyone has the right to educat
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designing and delivering accessible
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use, and reduces unintended pregnan
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16 CHAPTER 2: ANALYSING DATA AND TR
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Change in Age-Specific Fertility Ra
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Sexuality, sexual and gender stereo
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not necessarily associated with a d
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METHOD EFFECTIVENESSMethod, rankedf
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tCouple visiting a ruralfamily plan
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Demand and supply over time5 per ce
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contribute to high unmet need (Sing
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abortions in the region lead to mor
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(as stated in the Convention on the
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arriers prevent individuals from ac
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CHAPTERTHREEChallenges in extending
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sources of sexual and reproductive
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messages were delivered via a numbe
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Ricardo, 2005). Moreover, young and
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per cent in Guatemala. Across all c
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tTeenager inMadagascar listens toa
Page 62 and 63: Consensual unions account for an in
Page 64 and 65: when. The proportion of never-marri
Page 66 and 67: 63 per cent to 93 per cent of young
Page 68 and 69: Family planning in humanitariansett
Page 71 and 72: Studies suggest that HIV may have a
Page 73 and 74: with a public health challenge (Wor
Page 75 and 76: State-run family planning programme
Page 77 and 78: people in mobile, temporary, and re
Page 79 and 80: systems and civic participation to
Page 81 and 82: CHAPTERFOURThe social and economici
Page 83 and 84: tCommunityeducation inCaracas, Vene
Page 85 and 86: Estimates of Total Fertility2010-20
Page 87 and 88: children, and healthier women also
Page 89 and 90: empirical evidence supporting this
Page 92 and 93: tRicardo and Sarain Mexico City say
Page 94 and 95: to secure the future population’s
Page 96 and 97: 86 CHAPTER 5: THE COSTS AND SAVINGS
Page 98 and 99: Unintended Pregnancies and outcomes
Page 100 and 101: tDonor Commitmentspanel at the Lond
Page 102 and 103: UNFPA supports the Health for All c
Page 104 and 105: tDr. BabatundeOsotimehin, Executive
Page 106 and 107: 96 CHAPTER 6: MAKING THE RIGHT TO F
Page 108 and 109: When individuals are able to exerci
Page 110 and 111: Family planning programmes must ref
Page 114: tPresident of NigeriaGoodluck Jonat
Page 117 and 118: Monitoring Monitoring ICPD ICPD Goa
Page 123 and 124: Monitoring ICPD Goals Demographic -
Page 125 and 126: Monitoring ICPD Goals - Selected In
Page 127 and 128: BibliographyAbbasi-Shavazi, Mohamma
Page 140: Delivering a world where every preg
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