Consensual unions account for an increasingproportion <strong>of</strong> live-in partnerships, whichtend to be less stable than formal marriages. InLatin America and the Caribbean, more thanone in four women between the ages 20 and34 live in a consensual union (United Nations,Department <strong>of</strong> Economic and Social Affairs,2009). This arrangement is less common insub-Saharan Africa and Asia where about 10 percent and 2 per cent <strong>of</strong> women live in consensualunions, respectively. The percentage <strong>of</strong> womenin consensual unions ranges from nearly zeroto 30 in 16 developed countries. In a majority<strong>of</strong> countries with available data, the percentage<strong>of</strong> women in consensual unions peaks betweenages 25-29 (United Nations, Department <strong>of</strong>Economic and Social Affairs, 2009).Globally, the proportion <strong>of</strong> adults who aredivorced or separated doubled (from 2 per centto 4 per cent) between 1970 and 2000. Divorceand separation are more common in developedcountries than in developing countries.According to the <strong>World</strong> Marriage Data for 2008,11 per cent <strong>of</strong> women were divorced or separatedin developed countries whereas only 2 per cent <strong>of</strong>women <strong>of</strong> the same age were divorced or separatedfrom their husbands in developing countries(United Nations, Department <strong>of</strong> Economic andWe’re here! Per cent distribution <strong>of</strong> young people, as per cent <strong>of</strong>world population by region45%11%0-14 15-24 25-59 Over 6017%27%RegionsAfrica<strong>World</strong>Latin Americaand the CaribbeanAsiaOceaniaNorth AmericaEurope0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100Source: United Nations, Department <strong>of</strong> Economic and Social Affairs, <strong>Population</strong> Division (2011).52 CHAPTER 3: CHALLENGES IN EXTENDING ACCESS TO EVERYONE
Social Affairs, 2009). Data from 15 industrializedcountries between 2006 and 2008 suggest theaverage duration <strong>of</strong> marriage ranges from 10 to17 years. Additionally, approximately one in fourregistered marriages in countries belonging to theOrganisation for Economic Co-operation andDevelopment is a remarriage.Adults are entering, staying, and endingpartnerships very differently from previousgenerations, and their needs for familyplanning education and services have takenon new characteristics. Family planning policiesand programmes have an opportunity torethink their focus so as not to exclude unmarriedpeople, whether they are never-married,divorced, separated—temporarily or permanently—orwidowed.In both developed and developing countries,social norms—to varying degrees—promoteabstaining from sexual activity until marriage.Despite broader support for comprehensivesex education in many settings, the abstinenceuntil-marriageapproach to family planning cancompromise the effectiveness <strong>of</strong> in-school sexualityeducation programmes and neglects the sexualhealth needs <strong>of</strong> single, sexually active adolescentsand young adults. Evidence shows that theabstinence-only-until-marriage style <strong>of</strong> sexualityeducation is not effective (Kirby, 2008).“Family planning” usually focuses on theneeds <strong>of</strong> younger married persons, generally themost fertile. Yet a growing number <strong>of</strong> olderwomen and men have to negotiate contraceptiveuse and protect themselves from sexually transmittedinfections later in life, <strong>of</strong>ten after marriage(Organisation for Economic Co-operation andDevelopment, 2010). The desire for sexualrelationships among older people (over age 49)is largely overlooked in policy and programmedesign. This omission compromises the rights<strong>of</strong> sexually active elders who wish to protectthemselves from harmful sexual and reproductivehealth outcomes, including higher-risk unintendedpregnancies and protection from sexuallytransmitted infections, including HIV. Meetingtheir family planning needs requires challengingthe pervasive assumption that older people arenot sexually active and do not need to exercisethe right to family planning.Greater numbers <strong>of</strong> older women and menare entering their late reproductive years assingle, divorced, or widowed, creating a largepopulation <strong>of</strong> people who are “post-marriage.”Research in Thailand has described the vulnerability<strong>of</strong> older men to HIV (Van Landinghamand Knodel, 2007), but family planning researchhas not touched on this area. The sexual healthneeds <strong>of</strong> older women and men are <strong>of</strong>tenneglected because, like adolescence, sex outsidemarriage for pleasure and intimacy challengessocial norms about who should have sex andtContraceptives atthe Egyptian FamilyPlanning Association inAbo Attwa town, nearIsmailiyah.©<strong>UNFPA</strong>/Matthew CasselTHE STATE OF WORLD POPULATION <strong>2012</strong>53
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OverviewOne hundred seventy-nine go
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The report is structured to answer
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viiiCHAPTER 1: THE RIGHT TO FAMILY
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Family planning programmes reinforc
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tPresident of NigeriaGoodluck Jonat
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Monitoring Monitoring ICPD ICPD Goa
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Monitoring Monitoring ICPD ICPD Goa
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Monitoring Monitoring ICPD ICPD Goa
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Monitoring ICPD Goals Demographic -
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Monitoring ICPD Goals - Selected In
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BibliographyAbbasi-Shavazi, Mohamma
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Monitoring ICPD Goals - Selected In
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Monitoring ICPD Goals - Selected In
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Monitoring ICPD Goals - Selected In
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Monitoring ICPD Goals - Selected In
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Delivering a world where every preg