State of World Population 2012 - UNFPA Haiti

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tReturning from the field,Kiribati.©UNFPA/Ariela Zibiahbetween marriage and childbearing differsdepending on the setting or country, and thecausal relationship between adolescent pregnanciesand early school dropout can be difficultto disentangle.Research using the United States NationalLongitudinal Survey of Youth found that earlysexual intercourse had detrimental effects ongirls’ performance in school and educationalattainment, even when socioeconomic backgroundvariables were controlled (Steward,Farkas and Bingenheimer, 2009). Another studyin the United States confirms that motherhoodduring adolescence reduces a girl’s chances ofobtaining a high school diploma by up to 10 percent, reduces annual income as a young adult by$1,000 to $2,400, and decreases years of schooling(Fletcher and Wolfe, 2008).Adolescent pregnancy also obstructs girls’educational achievement in developing countries.Lloyd and Mensch (2008) calculated thecumulative risks in five West African countriesof girls’ dropping out of school before completingtheir secondary education. They estimatethe cumulative risks of dropping out as a resultof adolescent pregnancy (or marriage) to rangebetween 20 per cent in Burkina Faso, Côted’Ivoire, Guinea and Togo to nearly 40 per centin Cameroon. One analysis of the impact ofadolescent motherhood on high school attendanceand completion in Chile finds that beinga mother reduces girls’ likelihood of attendingand completing high school by between 24 percent and 37 per cent (Kruger et al., 2009).While some studies find that girls appearmore vulnerable to leaving school once theybecome sexually mature and once they engagein premarital sex, others have concluded thatgirls are more likely to drop out for reasonsother than pregnancy (Biddlecom et al., 2008).In some cases, pregnancy is more likely to bethe consequence of early school exit. Evidencefrom South Africa for example, suggests thatpoor performance in school is associated with aheightened risk of pregnancy and then a higherrisk of dropping out of school. This leads tolong-term negative impacts on a woman’s education,skills, employment and income (Grant andHallman, 2006).Impact on women’s labour forceparticipationAccess to reproductive health services, includingfamily planning, also improves women’s opportunitiesto enter the labour force. First, accessallows women to control the timing of birthsand thus expand their participation in labourmarkets. This is illustrated by the release ofEnovid, the first birth control pill, in the United74 CHAPTER 4: THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACT OF FAMILY PLANNING
Estimates of Total Fertility2010-2015 median projectionRegion Total fertility (children per woman), 2010-2015World 2.45More developed regions 1.71Less developed regions 2.57Least developed countries 4.10Less developed regions, excluding least developed countries 2.31Less developed regions, excluding China 2.86Africa 4.37Eastern Africa 4.74Middle Africa 5.16Northern Africa 2.75Southern Africa 2.46Western Africa 5.22Asia 2.18Eastern Asia 1.56South-Central Asia 2.56Central Asia 2.46Southern Asia 2.57South-Eastern Asia 2.13Western Asia 2.85Europe 1.59Eastern Europe 1.49Northern Europe 1.86Southern Europe 1.49Western Europe 1.69Latin America and the Caribbean 2.17Caribbean 2.25Central America 2.41South America 2.06Northern America 2.04Oceania 2.45United Nations data estimate that the total fertility rate has fallenbelow replacement level (2.1 children per woman) in more than 83countries. Some governments in countries where each generation isnow smaller than the one before it are concerned about having fewerworkers to tax and greater numbers of elders to support. As greaternumbers of individuals and families are able to exercise their rightto family planning, national dialogue about family policy, includingparental leave, support for care-giving services, and the eliminationof discriminatory employment practices against people with youngchildren may be productive. Any adjustments to public policy, however,should not dilute governments’ financial and political commitmentto ensuring that women and men of all ages have reliable access toquality family planning information and services.In societies where total fertility has dipped to below replacementlevels, individuals and families are not refraining from having childrenbecause they merely have access to family planning. Rather, they areachieving their desired small family sizes because they have the meansof doing so. Access to family planning has increasingly empoweredwomen in particular with the information and services to assert theirrights and to carry out their fertility preferences.THE STATE OF WORLD POPULATION 201275
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OverviewOne hundred seventy-nine go
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The report is structured to answer
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viiiCHAPTER 1: THE RIGHT TO FAMILY
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“All human beings are born free a
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Treaties, conventions and agreement
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Health: a social and economic right
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“Everyone has the right to educat
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designing and delivering accessible
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use, and reduces unintended pregnan
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16 CHAPTER 2: ANALYSING DATA AND TR
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Change in Age-Specific Fertility Ra
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Sexuality, sexual and gender stereo
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not necessarily associated with a d
Page 34 and 35: METHOD EFFECTIVENESSMethod, rankedf
Page 36 and 37: tCouple visiting a ruralfamily plan
Page 38: Demand and supply over time5 per ce
Page 41 and 42: contribute to high unmet need (Sing
Page 43 and 44: abortions in the region lead to mor
Page 45 and 46: (as stated in the Convention on the
Page 47 and 48: arriers prevent individuals from ac
Page 49 and 50: CHAPTERTHREEChallenges in extending
Page 51 and 52: sources of sexual and reproductive
Page 53 and 54: messages were delivered via a numbe
Page 55 and 56: Ricardo, 2005). Moreover, young and
Page 58 and 59: per cent in Guatemala. Across all c
Page 60 and 61: tTeenager inMadagascar listens toa
Page 62 and 63: Consensual unions account for an in
Page 64 and 65: when. The proportion of never-marri
Page 66 and 67: 63 per cent to 93 per cent of young
Page 68 and 69: Family planning in humanitariansett
Page 71 and 72: Studies suggest that HIV may have a
Page 73 and 74: with a public health challenge (Wor
Page 75 and 76: State-run family planning programme
Page 77 and 78: people in mobile, temporary, and re
Page 79 and 80: systems and civic participation to
Page 81 and 82: CHAPTERFOURThe social and economici
Page 83: tCommunityeducation inCaracas, Vene
Page 87 and 88: children, and healthier women also
Page 89 and 90: empirical evidence supporting this
Page 92 and 93: tRicardo and Sarain Mexico City say
Page 94 and 95: to secure the future population’s
Page 96 and 97: 86 CHAPTER 5: THE COSTS AND SAVINGS
Page 98 and 99: Unintended Pregnancies and outcomes
Page 100 and 101: tDonor Commitmentspanel at the Lond
Page 102 and 103: UNFPA supports the Health for All c
Page 104 and 105: tDr. BabatundeOsotimehin, Executive
Page 106 and 107: 96 CHAPTER 6: MAKING THE RIGHT TO F
Page 108 and 109: When individuals are able to exerci
Page 110 and 111: Family planning programmes must ref
Page 112 and 113: Family planning programmes reinforc
Page 114: tPresident of NigeriaGoodluck Jonat
Page 117 and 118: Monitoring Monitoring ICPD ICPD Goa
Page 123 and 124: Monitoring ICPD Goals Demographic -
Page 125 and 126: Monitoring ICPD Goals - Selected In
Page 127 and 128: BibliographyAbbasi-Shavazi, Mohamma
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Monitoring ICPD Goals - Selected In
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Monitoring ICPD Goals - Selected In
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Delivering a world where every preg
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State of World Population 2012 - UNFPA Haiti

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