State of World Population 2012 - UNFPA Haiti

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ates, lowest fertility rates, lowest maternal mortalityrates and some of the best maternal andchild health indicators in the world (Seneviratneand Rajapaksa, 2000).Some of the most rigorous evidence of theeffect of fertility decline on improvements inwomen’s health comes from Matlab, Bangladesh,where a long-term maternal and child-healthprogramme provided doorstep-delivery ofcontraceptives, pre-natal care, vaccinations, safedeliverykits and a variety of other health servicesto women in their homes. Over the course of 30years, the programme not only reduced fertilityby about 15 per cent and improved maternaland child mortality rates, but also had a varietyof spillover effects on women’s health. Womenwho were exposed to the programme throughouttheir reproductive lives experienced increases intheir weight, body mass and general health status(Phillips et al., 1988; Muhuri and Preston, 1991;Muhuri, 1995; Muhuri, 1996; Ronsmans andKhlat, 1999; Chowdhury et al., 2007). Studiesfound that the body-mass index of womenwho participated in the programme crossed athreshold of 18.5, which is associated with lowermortality risks (World Health Organization,1995). A recent study argues that a one-pointincrease in body mass index around this value of18.5 lowers the hazard of death by 17 per cent(Joshi and Schultz, 2007).Linkages between reproductive health and economic outcomesWOMENFewer BirthsFewer RiskyBirthsLower Risksof MortalityReproductivehealthservicesHealthyPregnancySafeDeliveryCHILDRENImprovedOverallHealthIncreasedLifeExpectancyIncreasedProductivityHOUSEHOLDIncreasedSchoolingIncreasedIncomeImproved FoetalHealthImprovedChildhoodHealthFewerChildhoodInfectionsVaccinationsLower Risksof MortalityImprovedCognitionLower Risksof Life-timeIllnessLowerDependencyRatioIncreasedLabour ForceParticipation72 CHAPTER 4: THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACT OF FAMILY PLANNING
tCommunityeducation inCaracas, Venezuela.©Panos/Dermot TatlowThe health benefits of family planning areparticularly significant for younger women andadolescents. Women ages 15 to 19 are twiceas likely to die from maternal causes as olderwomen as a consequence of their physicalimmaturity and increased risk of obstetric complicationssuch as obstetric fistula (Miller et al.,2005; Raj et al., 2009).By averting early pregnancies, reducing riskypregnancies and reducing the risks of prematuremortality or long-term morbidity, improvedaccess to family planning can extend life spans,increase the time horizons for the returns tohuman capital investments and also enablewomen to reallocate their time towards othereconomic activities. One research study foundthat women in Europe and North America havegone from spending 70 per cent of their adultlives bearing and rearing children before thedemographic transition, to spending about14 per cent of it more recently (Lee, 2003).Impact on schoolingIn Colombia, the drop in fertility induced by theProfamilia family planning programme was associatedwith nearly 0.15 more years of schooling(Miller, 2009). In Sri Lanka, the reduction inmaternal mortality risk between 1946 and 1953increased female life expectancy by 1.5 years(approximately 4 per cent), and this increasedfemale literacy among the affected cohorts by 2.5per cent (one percentage point) and increasedyears of schooling by 4 per cent (0.17 years)(Jayachandran and Lleras-Muney, 2009).The trade-off between schooling and childbearingis particularly important for adolescents,since childbearing can disrupt education andpreparation for the labour force. The relationshipTHE STATE OF WORLD POPULATION 201273
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OverviewOne hundred seventy-nine go
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The report is structured to answer
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viiiCHAPTER 1: THE RIGHT TO FAMILY
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“All human beings are born free a
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Treaties, conventions and agreement
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Health: a social and economic right
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“Everyone has the right to educat
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designing and delivering accessible
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use, and reduces unintended pregnan
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16 CHAPTER 2: ANALYSING DATA AND TR
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Change in Age-Specific Fertility Ra
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Sexuality, sexual and gender stereo
Page 32 and 33: not necessarily associated with a d
Page 34 and 35: METHOD EFFECTIVENESSMethod, rankedf
Page 36 and 37: tCouple visiting a ruralfamily plan
Page 38: Demand and supply over time5 per ce
Page 41 and 42: contribute to high unmet need (Sing
Page 43 and 44: abortions in the region lead to mor
Page 45 and 46: (as stated in the Convention on the
Page 47 and 48: arriers prevent individuals from ac
Page 49 and 50: CHAPTERTHREEChallenges in extending
Page 51 and 52: sources of sexual and reproductive
Page 53 and 54: messages were delivered via a numbe
Page 55 and 56: Ricardo, 2005). Moreover, young and
Page 58 and 59: per cent in Guatemala. Across all c
Page 60 and 61: tTeenager inMadagascar listens toa
Page 62 and 63: Consensual unions account for an in
Page 64 and 65: when. The proportion of never-marri
Page 66 and 67: 63 per cent to 93 per cent of young
Page 68 and 69: Family planning in humanitariansett
Page 71 and 72: Studies suggest that HIV may have a
Page 73 and 74: with a public health challenge (Wor
Page 75 and 76: State-run family planning programme
Page 77 and 78: people in mobile, temporary, and re
Page 79 and 80: systems and civic participation to
Page 81: CHAPTERFOURThe social and economici
Page 85 and 86: Estimates of Total Fertility2010-20
Page 87 and 88: children, and healthier women also
Page 89 and 90: empirical evidence supporting this
Page 92 and 93: tRicardo and Sarain Mexico City say
Page 94 and 95: to secure the future population’s
Page 96 and 97: 86 CHAPTER 5: THE COSTS AND SAVINGS
Page 98 and 99: Unintended Pregnancies and outcomes
Page 100 and 101: tDonor Commitmentspanel at the Lond
Page 102 and 103: UNFPA supports the Health for All c
Page 104 and 105: tDr. BabatundeOsotimehin, Executive
Page 106 and 107: 96 CHAPTER 6: MAKING THE RIGHT TO F
Page 108 and 109: When individuals are able to exerci
Page 110 and 111: Family planning programmes must ref
Page 112 and 113: Family planning programmes reinforc
Page 114: tPresident of NigeriaGoodluck Jonat
Page 117 and 118: Monitoring Monitoring ICPD ICPD Goa
Page 123 and 124: Monitoring ICPD Goals Demographic -
Page 125 and 126: Monitoring ICPD Goals - Selected In
Page 127 and 128: BibliographyAbbasi-Shavazi, Mohamma
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Monitoring ICPD Goals - Selected In
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Delivering a world where every preg
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