State of World Population 2012 - UNFPA Haiti

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to secure the future population’s well-beingand productivity. This relocation of resourcestowards the young, who consume but do notproduce, may not be conducive to immediateimprovements in economic growth rates(Coale and Hoover, 1958). But after fertilityrates steadily decline over the course of 20 or30 years, the number of income-generatingadults grows relative to the number people whodepend on them for support, thus creating morefavourable conditions for economic growth andsustainable development.One of the key drivers of improved economicgrowth during the demographic transition is theincrease in the level of savings and investment inthe economy. Adults with fewer children may beable to reallocate more of their resources towardssaving for their own retirement. This increasesthe amount of capital available for investment.Improvements in general health and reductionin the burden of disease also increase theattractiveness of investment opportunities.Declines in dependency ratios in East Asia sincethe 1960s, for example, increased savings ratesRatio of Working Age to Dependent PopulationSub-Saharan AfricaEast AsiaSouth Asia3Ratio of working age to dependents2101950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2110YearSource: United Nations World Population Prospects 2010 Medium Fertility Variant84 CHAPTER:4: THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACT OF FAMILY PLANNING
substantially, created new opportunities forinvestment and helped Asian countries reducetheir reliance on foreign capital (Higgins andWilliamson 1996; Higgins and Williamson,1997). The rise in savings rates also contributedto the establishment of pension systems andsocial welfare systems: ever-increasing populationsof working-age adults were able to financethe benefits of a relatively small group of elderlycitizens (Reher, 2011).Improved health, improved investments inschooling, higher savings rates and more investmentultimately translate into economic growth.The rapid growth of East Asian economies since1975 has been shown to be related to its demographicdividend. One study finds that changesin age structure account for as much as one-thirdof the Asian “tiger” economies (Bloom, Canningand Malaney, 2000; Williamson, 2001).Research also shows that the initial healthof a population is one of the most robust andpotent drivers of economic growth. One studyfound that one extra year of life expectancyraises GDP per capita by about 4 per cent(Bloom, Canning and Silva, 2001; Bloom,Canning and Silva, 2003).ConclusionGreater access to family planning can improvethe well-being of women, men, children, theirhouseholds and communities by increasing lifeexpectancy, decreasing morbidity and improvinghealth more broadly. It increases opportunitiesto invest in schooling and other forms of humancapital and to participate in labour markets,increasing productivity and raising incomes,savings, investment and asset accumulation.Declines in mortality, followed by declinesin fertility, lead to changes in the age-structureof the population and also produces anaggregate “demographic dividend” at the levelof countries. This leads to improvements ineconomic growth and development.Three main conclusions emerge from thisliterature. First, improvements in reproductivehealth not only ensure rights and improvethe lives of women and children, but alsoalleviate poverty and promote economicgrowth. Second, integrated programmesaimed at improving reproductive health—maternal health, child health, nutrition, andfamily planning programmes—can resultin demographic change as well as economicchange. Third, these programmes shouldnot be regarded as substitutes for any othertype of policy aimed at increasing growth orsustainable development in a society. Rather,family planning should be regarded as onecomponent of broader strategies to invest inhuman capital, particularly for women.tYouth-friendly servicesin Egypt.© UNFPA/Matthew CasselTHE STATE OF WORLD POPULATION 201285
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OverviewOne hundred seventy-nine go
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The report is structured to answer
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viiiCHAPTER 1: THE RIGHT TO FAMILY
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“All human beings are born free a
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Treaties, conventions and agreement
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Health: a social and economic right
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“Everyone has the right to educat
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designing and delivering accessible
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use, and reduces unintended pregnan
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16 CHAPTER 2: ANALYSING DATA AND TR
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Change in Age-Specific Fertility Ra
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Sexuality, sexual and gender stereo
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not necessarily associated with a d
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METHOD EFFECTIVENESSMethod, rankedf
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tCouple visiting a ruralfamily plan
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Demand and supply over time5 per ce
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contribute to high unmet need (Sing
Page 43 and 44: abortions in the region lead to mor
Page 45 and 46: (as stated in the Convention on the
Page 47 and 48: arriers prevent individuals from ac
Page 49 and 50: CHAPTERTHREEChallenges in extending
Page 51 and 52: sources of sexual and reproductive
Page 53 and 54: messages were delivered via a numbe
Page 55 and 56: Ricardo, 2005). Moreover, young and
Page 58 and 59: per cent in Guatemala. Across all c
Page 60 and 61: tTeenager inMadagascar listens toa
Page 62 and 63: Consensual unions account for an in
Page 64 and 65: when. The proportion of never-marri
Page 66 and 67: 63 per cent to 93 per cent of young
Page 68 and 69: Family planning in humanitariansett
Page 71 and 72: Studies suggest that HIV may have a
Page 73 and 74: with a public health challenge (Wor
Page 75 and 76: State-run family planning programme
Page 77 and 78: people in mobile, temporary, and re
Page 79 and 80: systems and civic participation to
Page 81 and 82: CHAPTERFOURThe social and economici
Page 83 and 84: tCommunityeducation inCaracas, Vene
Page 85 and 86: Estimates of Total Fertility2010-20
Page 87 and 88: children, and healthier women also
Page 89 and 90: empirical evidence supporting this
Page 92 and 93: tRicardo and Sarain Mexico City say
Page 96 and 97: 86 CHAPTER 5: THE COSTS AND SAVINGS
Page 98 and 99: Unintended Pregnancies and outcomes
Page 100 and 101: tDonor Commitmentspanel at the Lond
Page 102 and 103: UNFPA supports the Health for All c
Page 104 and 105: tDr. BabatundeOsotimehin, Executive
Page 106 and 107: 96 CHAPTER 6: MAKING THE RIGHT TO F
Page 108 and 109: When individuals are able to exerci
Page 110 and 111: Family planning programmes must ref
Page 112 and 113: Family planning programmes reinforc
Page 114: tPresident of NigeriaGoodluck Jonat
Page 117 and 118: Monitoring Monitoring ICPD ICPD Goa
Page 123 and 124: Monitoring ICPD Goals Demographic -
Page 125 and 126: Monitoring ICPD Goals - Selected In
Page 127 and 128: BibliographyAbbasi-Shavazi, Mohamma
Page 140: Delivering a world where every preg
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State of World Population 2012 - UNFPA Haiti

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