Agronomijas v stis - Latvijas LauksaimniecÄ«bas universitÄte

More documents

Recommendations

Info

carrier gas was helium, the GC temperature program was held isothermically at 40°C for 1 min(splitless injection mode), ramped from 40° to 220 °C at a rate of 4.5 °C min, and finally held at220 °C for 4 min (analysis time: 45 min). The MS source was adjusted to 220 °C and a mass rangeof m/z 40 – 300 was recorded. Compounds were tentatively identified based on mass spectraldatabase search using the NIST05 MS Database, a customized in-house fruit flavour MS database,and retention indices from literature.Statistic Analysis. GC/MS data (TIC) were analysed using AMDIS deconvolution software (v.2.64). The raw data sets of 32 samples were aligned using the on-line service ‘SpectConnect’ atMassachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT, 2009). Chemometric Principal Component Analysis(PCA) was carried out with the statistical software Minitab (v. 15.1.30).Results and DiscussionThe application of HS-SPME coupled with GC/MS revealed 132 volatile aroma compounds in 32different samples of blueberries harvested at different loactions in Norway. A total of 99compounds could be tentatively identified using mass spectral database search. The most abundantcompounds were related to the group of C 6 -structures or so-called ‘green leaf volatiles’ (Figure 1).In addition, impact-aroma compounds belonging to the chemical group of monoterpenes, couldalso be extracted from all samples, e.g. 1,8-cineole, linalool, and linalyl acetate.Figure 1. GC/MS chromatogram of a headspace-SPME profile of blueberry aroma volatiles.Important compounds such as C 6 -structures or ‘green leaf volatiles’ (hexyl- and hexenyl-derivatives),terpenes (1,8-cineole, linalool) and aldehydes (nonanal, decanal) are indicated in the figure.Based on chemometric PCA of all data sets from GC/MS analyses, blueberry samples could begrouped into different clusters depending on from which location the blueberries were harvested(Figure 2). Samples from South Norway clustered in an own group, while the samples from MidandNorth-Norway were overlapping. Regarding differences in the maturation stage, not-fullyripened blueberries were clearly separated from fully-ripened fruits, thus indicating significantdifferences in their aroma profiles.100
Figure 2. Chemometric PCA of 32 blueberry samples from different locations in Norway.Five berry samples from South Norway clearly clusterd in an own group (right side of the figure with dashdotline); these were not fully-ripened fruits in contrast to all other berry samples harvested at full maturationstage.All identified aroma volatiles are presented in Table 1, showing the vast diversity of chemicalstructures found in berry samples from wild-growing Vaccinium myrtillus.Table 1. Identified aroma volatiles in 32 blueberry samples from Norwegian Vaccinium myrtilluspopulations.Aliphatic Estersnonanolethyl acetate2-butyl 1-octanolethyl 2-methylpropanoate2-ethyl-1-decanolmethyl 3-methylbutanoatehexyl octanolethyl 2-methylbutanoateAliphatic Ketonesethyl 3-methylbutanoate2-hexanone3-methylbutyl acetate4-hepten-2-onemethyl 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanoate4-methyl 2-heptanone3-methyl-2-butenylacetate4-octen-3-onepentyl acetate6-methyl-5-hepten-2-onemethyl hexanoate2-dodecanoneethyl 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutanoategeranyl acetoneethyl 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanoateβ-iononeethyl hexanoateAliphatic Acids(Z)-3-hexenyl acetatenonanoic acidhexyl acetatedecanoic acid(E)-2-hexenyl acetateundecanoic acid(Z)-2-hexenyl acetatehexadecanoic acid(E,E)-2,4-hexadienyl acetateMonoterpenes and Sesquiterpenes*hexyl propanoatecumene2-ethylhexanoatetricyclene(Z)-3-hexenyl butanoateα-pinene(E)-2-hexenyl butanoatesabineneethyl octanoateβ-myrcene(Z)-3-hexenyl 3-methylbutanoateα-terpinenehexyl-3-methylbutanoatep-cymenehexyl-2-methylbutanoate1,8-cineoleoctyl 2-methylpropanoatelimonenehexyl hexanoate(Z)-ocimeneisopropyl myristate(E)-ocimeneAliphatic Aldehydesγ-terpinene101
Page 3 and 4:
Conference Organizing CommitteeChai
Page 6 and 7:
15 Pormale J., Osvalde A. and Nolle
Page 8 and 9:
were established in 1985. Nowadays,
Page 10 and 11:
10,1-15 ha7%15,1-20 ha7%< 20,1 ha0%
Page 12 and 13:
In less than half the surveyed farm
Page 14:
economical and biochemical characte
Page 17 and 18:
investigated European cranberry acc
Page 19 and 20:
fruit of V. opulus has different am
Page 21 and 22:
As several authors have stated (Koz
Page 23 and 24:
KopsavilkumsVaccinium ăints kultū
Page 25 and 26:
maintained in a mist chamber with v
Page 27 and 28:
period and produce vigorous vegetat
Page 29 and 30:
38. Marcotrigiano M. and McGlew S.P
Page 31 and 32:
of changes in the typological struc
Page 33 and 34:
fall from 2 to 3 and that for heath
Page 35 and 36:
HIGHBUSH BLUEBERRY BREEDINGAUGSTKR
Page 37 and 38:
Southern and Intermediate highbush
Page 39 and 40:
and anatomically they belong to fal
Page 41 and 42:
The levels of flavonols are more co
Page 43 and 44:
21. Polashock J.J., Griesbach R.J.,
Page 45 and 46:
Figure 1. A general scheme of the N
Page 47 and 48:
5. Åkerström A., Forsum Å., Rump
Page 49 and 50: species and studying the efficiency
Page 51 and 52: Thus, it has been determined that t
Page 53 and 54: CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF HIGHBUSH BL
Page 55 and 56: lueberry cultivars were collected f
Page 57 and 58: Ascorbic acid, mg 100ḡ 112108642a
Page 59 and 60: 6. Saftner R., Polashock J., Ehlenf
Page 61 and 62: Materials and methodsThe experiment
Page 63 and 64: The titrable acids content of the e
Page 65 and 66: There was a significant correlation
Page 67 and 68: Nichenametla et al., 2006), human n
Page 69 and 70: The contribution of V. macrocarpon
Page 71 and 72: 11. Kong J. M., Chia L. S., Goh N.K
Page 73 and 74: isothermically at 70°C for 5 min,
Page 75 and 76: IN VITRO PROPAGATION OF SEVERAL VAC
Page 77 and 78: 16BM ean N o. of shoots/explant1412
Page 79 and 80: Figure 2. Axillary shoot regenerati
Page 81 and 82: evaluate the blueberries supply wit
Page 83 and 84: espectively). It should be stressed
Page 85 and 86: lueberry appear to play a conclusiv
Page 87 and 88: 15. Reimann C., Kollen F., Frengsta
Page 89 and 90: each type, and for comparison sampl
Page 91 and 92: the mean. Kisgyır 1 sample has the
Page 93 and 94: 13. Porpáczy A. (1999) A húsos so
Page 95 and 96: was medium (0.014 - 0.017 g kg -1 s
Page 97 and 98: ‘Salaspils Ražīgā’. Vigorous
Page 99: KopsavilkumsEiropas melleĦu (Vacci
Page 103 and 104: References1. Baloga D.W., Vorsa N.,
Page 105 and 106: obtained from fruits of black choke
Page 107 and 108: In our opinion, the best estimate a
Page 109 and 110: cuttings also varies markedly with
Page 111 and 112: shoots shorter than 10 mm were not
Page 113 and 114: 14. Ostrolucka M.G., Gajdosova A, L
Page 115 and 116: „Metos RG-350” (http://www.meto
Page 117 and 118: 500480Phenols,mg 100g -146044042040
Page 119 and 120: SHORT INFORMATION ABOUT THE HISTORY
Page 121 and 122: Evaluation of cultivars. After the
Page 123 and 124: the number of pistils (female clone
Page 125 and 126: Table 2. Number of flowers per harv
Page 127 and 128: ResultsFirst time upright dieback i
Page 129 and 130: grew rapidly on PDA at 20 - 24 o C.
Page 131 and 132: Figure 9. Conidia of Physalospora v
Page 133 and 134: References1. CABI, EPPO, (1997) Dia
Page 135 and 136: Results und DiscussionBerries were
Page 137 and 138: In literature Caruso eds. and Гop
Page 139 and 140: the total area under a cranberry ma
Page 141 and 142: Skilled works on development of the
Page 143 and 144: Tika atrastas dažas būtiskas ats
Page 145 and 146: appears to maintain a quite low lev
Page 147 and 148: 8. Garkava - Gustavson L.,Persson H
show all

Agronomijas v stis - Latvijas LauksaimniecÄ«bas universitÄte

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?

Agronomijas v stis - Latvijas LauksaimniecÄ«bas universitÄte