Agronomijas v stis - Latvijas Lauksaimniecības universitāte

SHORT INFORMATION ABOUT THE HISTORY OF THE COMMERCIALCULTIVATION HIGHBUSH BLUEBERRY IN POLANDĪSA INFORMĀCIJA PAR AUGSTKRŪMU KRŪMMELLEĥU KOMERCIĀLASAUDZĒŠANAS VĒSTURI POLIJĀKazimierz SmolarzInstitute of Pomology & Floriculture, Pomologiczna 18, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland,e-mail: ksmolarz@insad.plAbstractThe first notes concerning highbush blueberry cultivation in Poland appeared about the year 1935 –1939. The results obtained at that time were not positive. Also the first trials with the cultivation ofthis plants soon after the second world war were negative. The problem was in choosing impropersoil for the blueberry. The further experiments concerning the quality of soil and mineralfertilization brought interesting results and caused an increase of interest in blueberry cultivation onlarge scale. The experimental field in Skierniewice, belonging to the Warsaw AgricultureUniversity has plots with different long-term soil mineral fertilization and different pH status since1923. On those plots the first methodical experiment with the highbush blueberry was begun in1976 on drained soil with 1.3 % of humus. This experiment brought very interesting and importantresults. It explained some basic problems, first of all the meaning of pH value and fertilization ofsoil for blueberry cultivation. It appeared that blueberry did crop well when soil pH, determined inKCl is between 3.5 – 4.0. The soil should be rather light and level of ground water not higher than40 – 50 cm below the surface. It was also found that blueberry reacts badly for lack of nitrogen andto a lesser degree, for deficiency of P and K. The growth and yield of blueberry plants on singleplots was differentiated and depended mainly on soil pH and nitrogen fertilization. The plants ofcultivars Bluecrop and Jersey still grow well, though they are 32 years old. Now the rejuvenationpruning research is being done on them.KopsavilkumsPirmās ziĦas par augstkrūmu krūmmelleĦu audzēšanu Polijā ir atrodamas laikā no 1935. – 1939.gadam. Tomēr tā laika pētījumu rezultāti nebija pozitīvi. Arī pirmie izmēăinājumi par šo kultūruaudzēšanu, neilgi pēc otrā pasaules kara, bija negatīvi. Problēma bija saistīta ar nepiemērotuaugsnes izvēli krūmmellenēm. Turpmākie eksperimenti par augsnes kvalitāti un augu minerālobarošanos deva interesantus rezultātus un radīja interesi par krūmmelleĦu audzēšanu lielākosapjomos. Varšavas Lauksaimniecības universitātes Eksperimentālajā laukā Skiernevicē kopš 1923.gada ir ierīkoti ilgstoši izmēăinājumi ar dažādiem augu mēslošanas un pH līmeĦiem. Šajospētījumos pirmie eksperimenti ar krūmmellenēm tika sākti 1976. gadā drenētā augsnē ar 1.3 %humusa saturu. Šis eksperiments deva interesantus un nozīmīgus rezultātus. Tie izskaidroja dažaspamatproblēmas, pirmkārt par augsnes pH saturu un mēslošanu. Izrādījās, ka krūmmellenes labiražoja, kad augsnes pH KCL izvilkumā bija robežās no 3.5 – 4.0. Augsnei jābūt vieglai ungruntsūdenim jābūt ne augstākam par 40 – 50 cm. Tika arī konstatēts, ka krūmmellenes slikti reaăēuz slāpekĜa un, mazākā pakāpē, uz fosfora un kālija trūkumu. KrūmmelleĦu augšanas un ražībasatšėirības noteica, galvenokārt, augsnes pH un mēslošana ar slāpekli. Šėirnes ‘Bluecrop’ un‘Jersey’ joprojām aug normāli, lai arī to vecums jau ir 32 gadi. Pašreiz šajos lauciĦos turpināspētījumi par atjaunojošo apgriešanu.Key words: Vaccinium corymbosum, fertilization, soil pH, cultivar evaluation, pruning, yield.IntroductionThe highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) grows in the wild in the North – East part ofUSA. The bushes grow up to 3 m high, are relatively frost resistant can stand the temperature up to-35 o C. The bushes can be found in forest, on high peat soil, as well as on light, acid mineral soil.The roots grow close under the soil surface, most of them are very thin, only some of them arethick enough to support the plant. The blueberries are very fruitful, the fruits are relatively large,tasty, mainly for fresh eating but also for processing.119