Agronomijas v stis - Latvijas LauksaimniecÄ«bas universitÄte

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At present the highbush blueberry is being cultivated in many countries of the world. Also inPoland, since many years the people have been interested in growing them, however the plants didnot grow well in the field. In the sixties of past century there was an idea to cultivate the plants inconcrete rings or in deep holes, covered with plastic and filled with acid peat or with the forest soilmixed with acid peat. In such conditions the plants grew very well and gave a good yield. Theobservation of those plants convinced us that the blueberries can be cultivated in our climatic andsoil condition. However the method of growing plants in concrete rings or deep hols could not berecommended for commercial cultivation from economical reasons. We started to look for thereasons, why in Poland the blueberries do not grow well in the open field, like it is in the USA andmany other countries.In seventies of past century some experiments were started to explain this phenomenon.Materials and MethodsIn 1976 one of the first experiments was set on the Experimental Field belonging to the Dept ofAgricultural Chemistry of Warsaw Agricultural College (SGGW) in Skierniewice. The plots of thisExperimental Field are being characterised by constant fertilization, since 1923, with the somemineral compounds. ( 0-control, CaNPK, NPK, PK, PN and KN). No organic fertilization is beingused. The experiment with blueberries was set on plots with mineral fertilizers and characterised bylow pH of soil. On those plots the nitrogen is being used only as ammonium sulphate.The soil on whole Experimental Field was drained, and belongs to the IV class according to Polishnomenclature. The same way of fertilization influences on the content of single compounds in thesoil, and differentiates its pH.Results and DiscusionBy planting the blueberry on such plots, it was possible to conclude after some years, what is theinfluence of single compounds on the growth and cropping of two blueberry cultivars – Bluecropand Jersey, used in this experiment (Table 1.)Table 1. Soil pH (KCl) and concentration of the nutrients (mg 100 g -1 soil)Treatments pH P K Ca Mg0 4.4 2.7 5.6 29.0 3.2Ca NPK 4.5 11.2 17.8 34.0 3.4NPK 3,6 10.8 13.5 14.1 2.1PK 4.5 11.9 20.2 25.0 2.6PN 3.5 10.6 4.7 15.2 2.0KN 3.7 3.3 13.7 13.8 2.1• After 60 years of treatmentThe main aim of this experiment was also to find out what are the possibilities of growingblueberries not only on light sandy soils and but also on more fertile soil of low pH 3,5 – 4,0 (Table2.) The method of determination of soil pH in USA and in Poland are different and this causedgreat misunderstanding in choosing the right soil for blueberry cultivation in our country. In Polishchemical stations pH is determined in KCl what means, that most suitable for blueberries soil withpH 3,5 – 4,0 ( this value according to American method of pH determination would be pH 4.0 –5.0). The Polish IV class soil ( the type which is dominated in Poland ) might be suitable forblueberry, in case that the other physical conditions required by this plant are proper. Those typesof soil are more fertile, do not require so much of irrigation in comparison to light sandy soil.Table 2. Average yield of two cultivars of highbush blueberry (kg/plant) (1988 – 1991 ).Treatments Bluecrop Jersey0 0.94 a 0.68 aCa NPK 0.90 a 1.34 bNPK 3.47 c 2.38 cPK 1.26 a 0.76 aPN 2.09b 1.53bKN 2.99 c 1. 67 b120
Evaluation of cultivars. After the resolving of the soil and its pH problem, the next experimentswere devoted to the evaluation of blueberry cultivars, their economical value and suitability forgrowing in Polish condition. In 1978 was performed the first experiment in Pomological Orchardof our Institute to compare the value of different blueberry cultivars. The plants were not irrigatedbut some of them gave relatively good crop. On the basis of this experiment the following cultivarswere selected as the most suitable for cultivation in our condition: Weymouth, Earliblue, Concord,Bluecrop, Jersey, Herbert, Darrow (Table 3).Table 3. Yield of highbush blueberry cultivars in kg/plant and mean weight of 100 berries in g fromyears 1984 – 1986 and 1988 – 1990Cultivars 1980 - 83 1984 - 86 1988 - 90 1993 - 94WheighTotal fromof fruits12 years(g)Earliblue 1.57 cd 2.40 abc 1.38 a 1.64 ab 6.99 a 109Weymouth 1.65 d 3.36 e 2.68 def 5.06 f 12.75 e 100Collins 1.01 a 2.56 bcd 2.08 bcd 1.18 a 6.83 a 131Bluecrop 1.42 bcd 2.68 cd 3.29 f 3.21 de 10.60 d 140Concord 1.38 bcd 2.43 bcd 2.86 ef 3.39 e 10.06 cd 83Ivanhoe 1.64 d 2.32 abc 2.51 cde 1.28 ab 7.75 ab 133Jersey 1.60 cd 2.00 ab 1.86 abc 1.99 bc bc 7.45 a 83Herbert 1.63 d 1.78 a 1.78 ab 3.42 e 8.61 abc 144Darrow 1.15 ab 2.11 abc 2.09 bcd 2.63 cd 7.98 ab 197Coville 1.34 bc 2.73 cd 2.29 b-e 3.19 de 9.55 bcd 131Lateblue 1.91 e 2.66 cd 2.45 b-e 3.72 e 10.74 d 12913-16-A 2.05 e. 3.05 de 2.87 ef 4.06 f 12.93 e 76* It is the first experiment with cultivar evaluation in PolandThe evaluation of newly bred cultivars are still being conducted in Skierniewice, some of them:Spartan, Duke, Bluegold, Nelson, Toro, Reka, Puru, Nui, Denise Blue, Brigitta, Bonifacy (obtainedby dr. Pliszka) have been introduced for cultivation.At present the following newest cultivars are tested: Aurora, Draper, Liberty, Chandler, Bonus andfew others. The suitability of cultivars: Rubel, Hard Blue are being studied for their suitability formechanical harvesting and processing of fruits.Some other experiments concerning pruning methods of different age plants, nitrogen fertilization,weeds control, irrigation and fertigation are being conducted at present (Table 4).Table 4. Influence of pruning on the yield of blueberry Bluecrop cvYield kg/plantPruning1993 r. 1994 r. 1995 r. 1996 r. 1997 r.Sum 1993 –1997Control 3,24 3,48 3,51 1,66 1,72 13,61Very strong 3,14 4,07 5,40 2,97 4,09 19,67Medium 3,26 4,68 5,17 2,44 3,27 18,82Light 2,98 3,53 3,46 1,28 1,76 13,01ConclusionThe blueberry can be cultivated on different types of soil, more or les fertile but characterized bygood physical condition and the proper pH levels.The pH of soil, the determined in KCl, should be 3.5 – 4.0.The blueberry reacts very strongly for lack of nitrogen in soil, but the doses per ha of thiscompound should not be higher than 100 kg NThe blueberry is less sensitive to the deficiency of potassium and phosphorous than for nitrogen.The cultivars, which can be recommended for cultivation are: Earliblue, Spartan, Duke, Bluecrop,Nelson.The recent results suggest that also Toro, Bluegold, Brigitta, Draper, Liberty can be recommend.121
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Conference Organizing CommitteeChai
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15 Pormale J., Osvalde A. and Nolle
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were established in 1985. Nowadays,
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10,1-15 ha7%15,1-20 ha7%< 20,1 ha0%
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In less than half the surveyed farm
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economical and biochemical characte
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investigated European cranberry acc
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fruit of V. opulus has different am
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As several authors have stated (Koz
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KopsavilkumsVaccinium ăints kultū
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maintained in a mist chamber with v
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period and produce vigorous vegetat
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38. Marcotrigiano M. and McGlew S.P
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of changes in the typological struc
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fall from 2 to 3 and that for heath
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HIGHBUSH BLUEBERRY BREEDINGAUGSTKR
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Southern and Intermediate highbush
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and anatomically they belong to fal
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The levels of flavonols are more co
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21. Polashock J.J., Griesbach R.J.,
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Figure 1. A general scheme of the N
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5. Åkerström A., Forsum Å., Rump
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species and studying the efficiency
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Thus, it has been determined that t
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CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF HIGHBUSH BL
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lueberry cultivars were collected f
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Ascorbic acid, mg 100ḡ 112108642a
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6. Saftner R., Polashock J., Ehlenf
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Materials and methodsThe experiment
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The titrable acids content of the e
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There was a significant correlation
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Nichenametla et al., 2006), human n
Page 69 and 70: The contribution of V. macrocarpon
Page 71 and 72: 11. Kong J. M., Chia L. S., Goh N.K
Page 73 and 74: isothermically at 70°C for 5 min,
Page 75 and 76: IN VITRO PROPAGATION OF SEVERAL VAC
Page 77 and 78: 16BM ean N o. of shoots/explant1412
Page 79 and 80: Figure 2. Axillary shoot regenerati
Page 81 and 82: evaluate the blueberries supply wit
Page 83 and 84: espectively). It should be stressed
Page 85 and 86: lueberry appear to play a conclusiv
Page 87 and 88: 15. Reimann C., Kollen F., Frengsta
Page 89 and 90: each type, and for comparison sampl
Page 91 and 92: the mean. Kisgyır 1 sample has the
Page 93 and 94: 13. Porpáczy A. (1999) A húsos so
Page 95 and 96: was medium (0.014 - 0.017 g kg -1 s
Page 97 and 98: ‘Salaspils Ražīgā’. Vigorous
Page 99 and 100: KopsavilkumsEiropas melleĦu (Vacci
Page 101 and 102: Figure 2. Chemometric PCA of 32 blu
Page 103 and 104: References1. Baloga D.W., Vorsa N.,
Page 105 and 106: obtained from fruits of black choke
Page 107 and 108: In our opinion, the best estimate a
Page 109 and 110: cuttings also varies markedly with
Page 111 and 112: shoots shorter than 10 mm were not
Page 113 and 114: 14. Ostrolucka M.G., Gajdosova A, L
Page 115 and 116: „Metos RG-350” (http://www.meto
Page 117 and 118: 500480Phenols,mg 100g -146044042040
Page 119: SHORT INFORMATION ABOUT THE HISTORY
Page 123 and 124: the number of pistils (female clone
Page 125 and 126: Table 2. Number of flowers per harv
Page 127 and 128: ResultsFirst time upright dieback i
Page 129 and 130: grew rapidly on PDA at 20 - 24 o C.
Page 131 and 132: Figure 9. Conidia of Physalospora v
Page 133 and 134: References1. CABI, EPPO, (1997) Dia
Page 135 and 136: Results und DiscussionBerries were
Page 137 and 138: In literature Caruso eds. and Гop
Page 139 and 140: the total area under a cranberry ma
Page 141 and 142: Skilled works on development of the
Page 143 and 144: Tika atrastas dažas būtiskas ats
Page 145 and 146: appears to maintain a quite low lev
Page 147 and 148: 8. Garkava - Gustavson L.,Persson H
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