Novel Design of an Integrated Pulp Mill Biorefinery for the ...

List of Figures
Figure 1: Price of wood as a function of transportation distance. .................................................. 9
Figure 2: Chemrec gasification process ........................................................................................ 19
Figure 3: Conceptual diagrams of different types of reactors. ...................................................... 26
Figure 4: Topsøe gas phase technology for large scale DME production. ................................... 27
Figure 5: JFE liquid phase technology for large scale DME production. ..................................... 27
Figure 6: Road load test data comparing engine emissions using diesel and DME. .................... 30
Figure 7: Multi-tubular fixed bed reactor, circulating fluidized bed reactor, ebulating or fixed
fluidized bed reactor, slurry-phase bubbling-bed reactor ............................................................. 31
Figure 8: The calculated conversion profiles for LTFT operation with cobalt- and iron- based
catalysts. ........................................................................................................................................ 33
Figure 9: Product distribution for different α for the FT synthesis ............................................... 36
Figure 10: FT stepwise growth process. ....................................................................................... 36
Figure 11: Anderson-Schultz-Flory distribution ........................................................................... 37
Figure 12: Equilibrium conversion of synthesis gas. .................................................................... 54
Figure 13: The effect of the H2/CO ratio on DME productivity and materials utilization. ......... 54
Figure 14: Concept of slurry phase rector (JFE Holdings, Inc). ................................................... 55
Figure 15: Conversion and selectivity as a function of H2/CO. ................................................... 55
Figure 16: CO conversion as a function of temperature and pressure. ......................................... 56
Figure 17: FTD production from clean syngas. ............................................................................ 57
Figure 18: The block of heat recovery process design. ................................................................ 58
Figure 19:Chemrec BLGCC recovery island ................................................................................ 59
Figure 20: Schematic of biorefinery DME with a Rankine power system ................................... 60
Figure 21: Schematic of biorefinery for DME with a combined biomass gasifier and gas turbine
cycle .............................................................................................................................................. 61
Figure 22: Schematic of biorefinery for DME with a one-pass synthesis design ......................... 61
Figure 24: Power generation with unconverted syngas from FTD synthesis. .............................. 62
Figure 25: Energy and mass flow in the water heater. .................................................................. 65
Figure 26: Carbon cycle analysis of DME and FTD designs. ...................................................... 68
Figure 27: Mass and energy flow of DME design and FTD design. ............................................ 69
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