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CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEWThe purpose of this literature review was to survey literature relevant to this study.2.1 Construction safetySafety can be broadly defined as freedom from whatever exposes one to danger orfrom liability to cause danger or harm (Webster Dictionary). Occupational safety andhealth is the discipline concerned with preserving and protecting human and facilityresources in the workplace (Wikipedia). It is common that construction industry isknown for being a hazardous amongst other industries. Hinze (1997) stated thatconstruction industry is one of those industries with the highest rate of injury andfatality.Benefits of safety and health may include: less injuries, less property damage, lessdown time, improvement in morale, enhanced industrial relations, increasedproductivity, reduced cost, and enhanced quality (Cited by Promfret in Enshassi,2003). Hinze (2003) also stated that safety performance of the construction industryhas consistently been below that of most other industries. The previous statement mayclarify the increasing number of fatalities in the construction industry more than otherindustries. It is well known that the employees in construction industry run a higherrisk of work-related illnesses and accidents as compared to other branches of industryand the public sector (Cited in Hoonakker et al, 2003; Kartam, 1997).Occupational safety and health can be also defined as a multidisciplinary activityaiming at (Hogstedt and Piries, 2000):• Protection and promotion of the health of workers by eliminating occupationalfactors and conditions hazardous to health and safety at work• Enhancement of physical, mental and social well-being of workers andsupport for the development and maintenance of their working capacity, aswell as professional and social development at work• Development and promotion of sustainable work environments and workorganizations5
Basic philosophy of accident prevention was based on 10 axioms. They were asfollows (Cited by Heinrich in Kaliher, 2003):1. The occurrence of an injury invariably results from a completed sequence offactors-the last one of these being the accident itself. The accident in turn isinvariably caused or permitted directly by the unsafe act of a person and/or amechanical or physical hazard.2. The unsafe acts of persons are responsible for a majority of accidents.3. The person who suffers a disabling injury caused by an unsafe act, in theaverage case has had over 300 narrow escapes from serious injury as a resultof committing the very same unsafe act. Likewise, persons are exposed tomechanical hazards hundreds of times before they suffer injury.4. The severity of an injury is largely fortuitous-the occurrence of the accidentthat results in injury is largely preventable.5. The four basic motives or reasons for the occurrence of unsafe acts provide aguide to the selection of appropriate corrective measures.6. Four basic methods are available for preventing accidents-engineeringrevisions, persuasion and appeal, personnel adjustment, and discipline.7. Methods of most value in accident prevention are analogous with the methodsrequired for the control of the quality, cost, and quantity of production.8. Management has the best opportunity and ability to initiate the work ofprevention; therefore it should assume the responsibility.9. The supervisor or foreman is the key person in industrial accident prevention.His application of the art of supervision to the control of worker performanceis the factor of greatest influence in successful accident prevention. It can beexpressed and taught as a simple four-step formula.10. The humanitarian incentive for preventing accidental injury is supplementedby two powerful economic factors: (1) the safe establishment is efficientproductively and the unsafe establishment is inefficient; (2) the directemployer cost of industrial injuries for compensation claims and for medicaltreatment is but 2% of the total cost which the employer must pay.6
Page 1: The Islamic University Of GazaFacul
Page 4 and 5: AcknowledgementI would like to than
Page 6 and 7: ملخص البحثتعتبر صن
Page 8 and 9: Group 3: Study on relationship betw
Page 10 and 11: List of TablesTable 1: Nonfatal Occ
Page 12 and 13: List of FiguresFigure 1: Costs and
Page 14 and 15: Chapter one: Introduction1.1 Constr
Page 16 and 17: safety. Safety culture contributes
Page 20 and 21: The construction industry is often
Page 22 and 23: Table 1 shows nonfatal occupational
Page 24 and 25: centered exclusively on the technic
Page 26 and 27: 3. Small size of most construction
Page 28 and 29: • Quality management: is that asp
Page 30 and 31: of project management that is requi
Page 32 and 33: organizational programs aiming at m
Page 34 and 35: 2.2.3 Construction quality in devel
Page 36 and 37: 5. The designers do not consider th
Page 38 and 39: 2.3 Construction ProductivityProduc
Page 40 and 41: Real Wage TrendsConstruction Traini
Page 42 and 43: Rework for correcting unsatisfactor
Page 44 and 45: the importance of measurement as
Page 46 and 47: productivity sector, because of its
Page 48 and 49: 2.3.7 Construction productivity in
Page 50 and 51: achieved, with the highest quality,
Page 52 and 53: Figure 2: Methodology Flowchart39
Page 54 and 55: Correction for Finite PopulationSS
Page 56 and 57: nominal and ordinal scales. Nominal
Page 58 and 59: e. If respondent responses disagree
Page 60 and 61: Part IV: Linkage between Productivi
Page 62 and 63: 3.7 Pilot StudyWhenever a researche
Page 64 and 65: Group 1# ItemsP-ValuePearsonSignifi
Page 66 and 67: Group 1# ItemsP-ValuePearsonSignifi
Page 68 and 69:
Group 2# Itemstime schedule prepara
Page 70 and 71:
Group 3# Itemspsychological pressur
Page 72 and 73:
Group 5# ItemsP-ValuePearsonSignifi
Page 74 and 75:
Group 7to apply safety regulations4
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Local conditions 0.485 0.01Worker p
Page 78 and 79:
Group# of statementsBeforemodificat
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CostTimeReligionImportanceof StudyR
Page 82 and 83:
2. The study is limited to the cont
Page 84 and 85:
This results from the fact that the
Page 86 and 87:
4.2.4 Capital of CompanyTable 4.2 s
Page 88 and 89:
Employees' background may vary acco
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Respondents might have also not bee
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70.00%60.00%42Percentage of respond
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4.3 Part II: Company's policy, safe
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obligatory to provide safety progra
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Percentage of respondents80.00%60.0
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Projects that are planned taking in
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e aware of importance of accident r
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4.3.1 Part III: Linkage between occ
Page 106 and 107:
Safety and quality factors# ofRespo
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Results also show how much importan
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good safety attitudes in people but
Page 112 and 113:
y him mostly well understood and ap
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costs and increased loss-control. T
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project as of high quality in case
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group with RII = 0.717 and was rank
Page 120 and 121:
8. Emergency Preparedness# ofRespon
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general contractor and subcontracto
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"Safety committee is formed to moni
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For a safety program to be properly
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low factor that affects quality (45
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"Many change orders during implemen
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safer. A new worker when oriented w
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"Inclusion of safety into contract
Page 136 and 137:
management can be achieved through
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‘Project Implementation” group
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4.3.2 Part IV: Linkage between occu
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GROUP 1: Factors improving producti
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more unsafely. Productive workers a
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GROUP 3: Local conditionsTable 4.30
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nonworking days rarely occur in Gaz
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warn workers to avoid them. Workers
Page 152 and 153:
ut also when the crew does return t
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from a change in worksite condition
Page 156 and 157:
Comprehensive worker education thro
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directions of safe actions cannot b
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"Safety expenditures are very much
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ecovering their bankruptcy. Under t
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4.3.4 Part VI: Linkage between occu
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is referred to as heat stress. In a
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job. They can cover work practices,
Page 170 and 171:
"Islam has strengthened principle o
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"Decreasing accidents during work a
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CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMM
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position. This factor belongs to sa
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5.2.3 Safety and CostThis part of t
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5.3 RecommendationsRecommendations
Page 182 and 183:
losing contracts because bids that
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Table 5. 6: Mean and standard devia
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degree support that there is a rela
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Relationshipbetween safetyand costR
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Table 5. 12: Mean and standard devi
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Relationship betweenYes 15 2.4623 0
Page 194 and 195:
5.5 Characteristics of Basic Model
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safety rules, safety inspection, pr
Page 198 and 199:
Arditi, D., and Mochtar, K., 2000,
Page 200 and 201:
Herrero, S., Saldana, M., Del Campo
Page 202 and 203:
Koehn, E., Kothari, R., and Pan, C.
Page 204 and 205:
Salminen, S. and Saari, J., 1995. M
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Annex 1: Questionnaire in English19
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14. Years of experience in the fiel
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22. If Yes, indicate periodweekly b
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Study on relationship between safet
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Study on relationship between safet
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PART VI: LINKAGE BETWEEN OCCUPATION
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5) Safety program for each project6
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بسم االله الرحمن ال
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الجزء الأول:‏السي
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12. إذا كان الجواب ن
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أ)‏دراسة العلاقة
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دراسة العلاقة بين ا
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الجزءالخامس:‏ علاق
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"‎10‎‏.لا يتعارض مب
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Annex 3: Images of safety problems
Page 236 and 237:
Figure 5: Exacavation activities wh
Page 238 and 239:
Figure 8: Worker is fixing house co
Page 240 and 241:
Figure 12: Piping works without saf
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