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Table 1 shows nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses during the years 1996,1997, and 1999. It is noticed that during the period from 1996 until 1999 constructionindustry possessed the second dangerous industry in terms of number of nonfataloccupational injuries and illnesses per 100 full time employees.Table 1: Nonfatal Occupational Injury and Illness Incidence RatesIndustry 1996 1997 1999Agriculture, forestry, fishingMiningConstructionManufacturingTransportation/public utilitiesWholesale and retail tradeFinance, insurance, real estateServices8.75.49.910.68.76.82.46.08.45.99.510.38.26.72.25.67.34.48.69.27.36.11.84.9Note: Data represent total number of cases per 100 full-timeemployeesSource: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational injuries andIllnesses in the United States by Industry, annual(Hinze, 1997) categorized construction fatalities as follows:i. Falls (from elevation) 33%ii. Struck-by incidents 22%iii. Caught-in/between incidents 18%iv. Shocks (electrical) 17%v. Other 10%2.1.1 Construction safety in developed countriesConstruction is one of the largest industries in the United States, with 13% of thegross national product and 5-6% of the labor force. It is also one of the mostdangerous industries, accounting for 15% of the occupational fatalities and 17% of allworkers' compensation costs (cited in Hoonakker et al, 2002). The major causes ofaccidents are related to the unique nature of the industry, human behavior, difficult9
work-site conditions, and poor safety management, which results in unsafe workmethods, equipment, and procedures (Cited by Improving Report in Koehn et al,1995).When talking about construction safety in USA, it is not possible to ignore the role ofOSHA in setting standards for safety and saving workers rights of health and safety inconstruction and other industries. In 1970, Congress passed the Occupational Safetyand Health Act (hereafter called the OSH Act) where its essence is that workersshould have and be able to expect a safe place in which to work. When the OSH Actwas passed, it established three different agencies; one of which is the OccupationalSafety and Health Administration (OSHA). OSHA standards focus on severalindustries including general industry, maritime, agriculture, and construction (Hinze,1997). But although OSHA standards have been in force for more than 25 years, butfatalities and injuries are still high. It is necessary to emphasize the role of OSHAconsultation as regulations set to prevent accidents not solve problems after theyhappen. OSHA reports that in 2000, the injury rate for construction companies withmore than 1,000 employees was 4.3 while the construction industry rate was 8.2(Howell et al, 2002).OSHA legislation, increased litigation, and increasing worker medical expenses andcompensation insurance costs gave the advantage to safer contractors. (Howell et al,2002). Hinze and Bren (1996) in their research stated that accident causation inconstruction has traditionally been attributed either to unsafe work conditions or tounsafe worker practices. In the past two decades the primary emphasis of researchstudies has been on unsafe worker practices. In construction, it is suggested that`unsafe behaviour' is the most significant factor in the cause of site accidents andtherefore provides evidence of a poor safety culture (Cited in Sawacha et al, 1999).Accidents at work occur either due to lack of knowledge or training, a lack ofsupervision or a lack of means to carry out the task safely, or due to an error ofjudgment and carelessness (Enshassi, 2003).After the increase of attention paid to safety issues in USA, it is very common thatcompanies have their own safety programs. Enshassi (2003) in his research concludedthat although an effective safety program can prevent or reduce injuries, not allcontracting organizations implement safety programs. The traditional safetymanagement programs do not always improve the results of safety because they are10
Page 1: The Islamic University Of GazaFacul
Page 4 and 5: AcknowledgementI would like to than
Page 6 and 7: ملخص البحثتعتبر صن
Page 8 and 9: Group 3: Study on relationship betw
Page 10 and 11: List of TablesTable 1: Nonfatal Occ
Page 12 and 13: List of FiguresFigure 1: Costs and
Page 14 and 15: Chapter one: Introduction1.1 Constr
Page 16 and 17: safety. Safety culture contributes
Page 18 and 19: CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEWThe p
Page 20 and 21: The construction industry is often
Page 24 and 25: centered exclusively on the technic
Page 26 and 27: 3. Small size of most construction
Page 28 and 29: • Quality management: is that asp
Page 30 and 31: of project management that is requi
Page 32 and 33: organizational programs aiming at m
Page 34 and 35: 2.2.3 Construction quality in devel
Page 36 and 37: 5. The designers do not consider th
Page 38 and 39: 2.3 Construction ProductivityProduc
Page 40 and 41: Real Wage TrendsConstruction Traini
Page 42 and 43: Rework for correcting unsatisfactor
Page 44 and 45: the importance of measurement as
Page 46 and 47: productivity sector, because of its
Page 48 and 49: 2.3.7 Construction productivity in
Page 50 and 51: achieved, with the highest quality,
Page 52 and 53: Figure 2: Methodology Flowchart39
Page 54 and 55: Correction for Finite PopulationSS
Page 56 and 57: nominal and ordinal scales. Nominal
Page 58 and 59: e. If respondent responses disagree
Page 60 and 61: Part IV: Linkage between Productivi
Page 62 and 63: 3.7 Pilot StudyWhenever a researche
Page 64 and 65: Group 1# ItemsP-ValuePearsonSignifi
Page 66 and 67: Group 1# ItemsP-ValuePearsonSignifi
Page 68 and 69: Group 2# Itemstime schedule prepara
Page 70 and 71: Group 3# Itemspsychological pressur
Page 72 and 73:
Group 5# ItemsP-ValuePearsonSignifi
Page 74 and 75:
Group 7to apply safety regulations4
Page 76 and 77:
Local conditions 0.485 0.01Worker p
Page 78 and 79:
Group# of statementsBeforemodificat
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CostTimeReligionImportanceof StudyR
Page 82 and 83:
2. The study is limited to the cont
Page 84 and 85:
This results from the fact that the
Page 86 and 87:
4.2.4 Capital of CompanyTable 4.2 s
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Employees' background may vary acco
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Respondents might have also not bee
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70.00%60.00%42Percentage of respond
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4.3 Part II: Company's policy, safe
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obligatory to provide safety progra
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Percentage of respondents80.00%60.0
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Projects that are planned taking in
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e aware of importance of accident r
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4.3.1 Part III: Linkage between occ
Page 106 and 107:
Safety and quality factors# ofRespo
Page 108 and 109:
Results also show how much importan
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good safety attitudes in people but
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y him mostly well understood and ap
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costs and increased loss-control. T
Page 116 and 117:
project as of high quality in case
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group with RII = 0.717 and was rank
Page 120 and 121:
8. Emergency Preparedness# ofRespon
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general contractor and subcontracto
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"Safety committee is formed to moni
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For a safety program to be properly
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low factor that affects quality (45
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"Many change orders during implemen
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safer. A new worker when oriented w
Page 134 and 135:
"Inclusion of safety into contract
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management can be achieved through
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‘Project Implementation” group
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4.3.2 Part IV: Linkage between occu
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GROUP 1: Factors improving producti
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more unsafely. Productive workers a
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GROUP 3: Local conditionsTable 4.30
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nonworking days rarely occur in Gaz
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warn workers to avoid them. Workers
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ut also when the crew does return t
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from a change in worksite condition
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Comprehensive worker education thro
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directions of safe actions cannot b
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"Safety expenditures are very much
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ecovering their bankruptcy. Under t
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4.3.4 Part VI: Linkage between occu
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is referred to as heat stress. In a
Page 168 and 169:
job. They can cover work practices,
Page 170 and 171:
"Islam has strengthened principle o
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"Decreasing accidents during work a
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CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMM
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position. This factor belongs to sa
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5.2.3 Safety and CostThis part of t
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5.3 RecommendationsRecommendations
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losing contracts because bids that
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Table 5. 6: Mean and standard devia
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degree support that there is a rela
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Relationshipbetween safetyand costR
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Table 5. 12: Mean and standard devi
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Relationship betweenYes 15 2.4623 0
Page 194 and 195:
5.5 Characteristics of Basic Model
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safety rules, safety inspection, pr
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Arditi, D., and Mochtar, K., 2000,
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Herrero, S., Saldana, M., Del Campo
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Koehn, E., Kothari, R., and Pan, C.
Page 204 and 205:
Salminen, S. and Saari, J., 1995. M
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Annex 1: Questionnaire in English19
Page 208 and 209:
14. Years of experience in the fiel
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22. If Yes, indicate periodweekly b
Page 212 and 213:
Study on relationship between safet
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Study on relationship between safet
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PART VI: LINKAGE BETWEEN OCCUPATION
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5) Safety program for each project6
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بسم االله الرحمن ال
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الجزء الأول:‏السي
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12. إذا كان الجواب ن
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أ)‏دراسة العلاقة
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دراسة العلاقة بين ا
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الجزءالخامس:‏ علاق
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"‎10‎‏.لا يتعارض مب
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Annex 3: Images of safety problems
Page 236 and 237:
Figure 5: Exacavation activities wh
Page 238 and 239:
Figure 8: Worker is fixing house co
Page 240 and 241:
Figure 12: Piping works without saf
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