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the importance of measurement as “A productivity measurement system enables anorganization to formulate clear goals and targets with regard to productivity and toidentify problem areas of the organization.” (Baines, 1997).Abdul-Kadir and Price (1995) introduced that one of the numerous difficulties ofconstruction industry is the alarmingly rapid decline in the growth of productivity.Teicholtz (2001) used real output of construction per work-hour as measured by theUS Department of Commerce and the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, and found thatthe construction industry’s labor productivity declined by 0.72% at an annualcompound rate from 1964 to 2000.2.3.5 Construction productivity in developing countriesThere have been several researches on labor productivity in developing countries. Thedifferent nature of developing countries in the field of construction urged toinvestigate the relation between labor and productivity more thoroughly becauseconstruction in developing countries is a labor-intensive one. Besides, cost of labor indeveloping countries is greatly cheaper than in developed countries. Due to its criticalimportance to the profitability of most construction projects, productivity is regardedas one of the most frequently discussed topics in the construction industry (Cited byHancher and Abdl-Elkhalek in Srinavin and Mohamed, 2003).Labor productivity is not only a measure of output with regard to input, but a tool forconstruction estimation and bidding. Ersoz (1999) illustrated that the success of aconstruction company in today’s competitive market largely depends on accurateestimation of productivity. Labor productivity in developing countries doesn’t greatlyvary from each other (Kaming et al, 1997b). Low (2001) listed some factors thataffect the labor productivity as:Efficient site managementQuality of subcontractorsRelevant skills of tradesmenKaming et al (1997a) summarized the problems of productivity as follows:1. Lack of material31
2. Lack of tools3. Equipment breakdown4. Rework5. Changing of workers6. Interference7. Absenteeism8. Supervision delays9. Changing of foremen10. Too much work11. Over crowdedUnfortunately, safety was considered in previous the problems list. It is widelyknown that an injury would either stop worker or stop the work which means inboth two cases a low productivity. Table 4 shows productivity problems accordingto different ranking between developed and developing countries (Kaming et al,1997a, Cited by Olomolaiye in Kaming et al, 1997a). Lack of materials stayed onfirst rank in all countries surveyed which supportTable 2: Comparison of productivity problems with other countries (Kaming et al, 1997a)Productivity Problems Indonesia Nigeria UK USARank Rank Rank RankLack of material 1st 1st 1st 1stLack of equipment 5th 3rd 5th 2ndInterference 3rd 6th 2nd 5thAbsenteeism 4th 5th 6th 6thSupervision delays 6th 4th 4th 4thRework 2nd 2nd 3rd 3rdProductivity problems continue to come up in other developing countries likeSingapore. In spite of the impressive performance of Singapore's constructionindustry over the past few years, the construction sector is perceived as a low-32
Page 1: The Islamic University Of GazaFacul
Page 4 and 5: AcknowledgementI would like to than
Page 6 and 7: ملخص البحثتعتبر صن
Page 8 and 9: Group 3: Study on relationship betw
Page 10 and 11: List of TablesTable 1: Nonfatal Occ
Page 12 and 13: List of FiguresFigure 1: Costs and
Page 14 and 15: Chapter one: Introduction1.1 Constr
Page 16 and 17: safety. Safety culture contributes
Page 18 and 19: CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEWThe p
Page 20 and 21: The construction industry is often
Page 22 and 23: Table 1 shows nonfatal occupational
Page 24 and 25: centered exclusively on the technic
Page 26 and 27: 3. Small size of most construction
Page 28 and 29: • Quality management: is that asp
Page 30 and 31: of project management that is requi
Page 32 and 33: organizational programs aiming at m
Page 34 and 35: 2.2.3 Construction quality in devel
Page 36 and 37: 5. The designers do not consider th
Page 38 and 39: 2.3 Construction ProductivityProduc
Page 40 and 41: Real Wage TrendsConstruction Traini
Page 42 and 43: Rework for correcting unsatisfactor
Page 46 and 47: productivity sector, because of its
Page 48 and 49: 2.3.7 Construction productivity in
Page 50 and 51: achieved, with the highest quality,
Page 52 and 53: Figure 2: Methodology Flowchart39
Page 54 and 55: Correction for Finite PopulationSS
Page 56 and 57: nominal and ordinal scales. Nominal
Page 58 and 59: e. If respondent responses disagree
Page 60 and 61: Part IV: Linkage between Productivi
Page 62 and 63: 3.7 Pilot StudyWhenever a researche
Page 64 and 65: Group 1# ItemsP-ValuePearsonSignifi
Page 68 and 69: Group 2# Itemstime schedule prepara
Page 70 and 71: Group 3# Itemspsychological pressur
Page 74 and 75: Group 7to apply safety regulations4
Page 76 and 77: Local conditions 0.485 0.01Worker p
Page 78 and 79: Group# of statementsBeforemodificat
Page 80 and 81: CostTimeReligionImportanceof StudyR
Page 82 and 83: 2. The study is limited to the cont
Page 84 and 85: This results from the fact that the
Page 86 and 87: 4.2.4 Capital of CompanyTable 4.2 s
Page 88 and 89: Employees' background may vary acco
Page 90 and 91: Respondents might have also not bee
Page 92 and 93: 70.00%60.00%42Percentage of respond
Page 94 and 95:
4.3 Part II: Company's policy, safe
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obligatory to provide safety progra
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Percentage of respondents80.00%60.0
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Projects that are planned taking in
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e aware of importance of accident r
Page 104 and 105:
4.3.1 Part III: Linkage between occ
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Safety and quality factors# ofRespo
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Results also show how much importan
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good safety attitudes in people but
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y him mostly well understood and ap
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costs and increased loss-control. T
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project as of high quality in case
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group with RII = 0.717 and was rank
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8. Emergency Preparedness# ofRespon
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general contractor and subcontracto
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"Safety committee is formed to moni
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For a safety program to be properly
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low factor that affects quality (45
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"Many change orders during implemen
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safer. A new worker when oriented w
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"Inclusion of safety into contract
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management can be achieved through
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‘Project Implementation” group
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4.3.2 Part IV: Linkage between occu
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GROUP 1: Factors improving producti
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more unsafely. Productive workers a
Page 146 and 147:
GROUP 3: Local conditionsTable 4.30
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nonworking days rarely occur in Gaz
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warn workers to avoid them. Workers
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ut also when the crew does return t
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from a change in worksite condition
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Comprehensive worker education thro
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directions of safe actions cannot b
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"Safety expenditures are very much
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ecovering their bankruptcy. Under t
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4.3.4 Part VI: Linkage between occu
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is referred to as heat stress. In a
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job. They can cover work practices,
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"Islam has strengthened principle o
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"Decreasing accidents during work a
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CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMM
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position. This factor belongs to sa
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5.2.3 Safety and CostThis part of t
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5.3 RecommendationsRecommendations
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losing contracts because bids that
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Table 5. 6: Mean and standard devia
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degree support that there is a rela
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Relationshipbetween safetyand costR
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Table 5. 12: Mean and standard devi
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Relationship betweenYes 15 2.4623 0
Page 194 and 195:
5.5 Characteristics of Basic Model
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safety rules, safety inspection, pr
Page 198 and 199:
Arditi, D., and Mochtar, K., 2000,
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Herrero, S., Saldana, M., Del Campo
Page 202 and 203:
Koehn, E., Kothari, R., and Pan, C.
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Salminen, S. and Saari, J., 1995. M
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Annex 1: Questionnaire in English19
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14. Years of experience in the fiel
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22. If Yes, indicate periodweekly b
Page 212 and 213:
Study on relationship between safet
Page 214 and 215:
Study on relationship between safet
Page 216 and 217:
PART VI: LINKAGE BETWEEN OCCUPATION
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5) Safety program for each project6
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بسم االله الرحمن ال
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الجزء الأول:‏السي
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12. إذا كان الجواب ن
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أ)‏دراسة العلاقة
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دراسة العلاقة بين ا
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الجزءالخامس:‏ علاق
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"‎10‎‏.لا يتعارض مب
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Annex 3: Images of safety problems
Page 236 and 237:
Figure 5: Exacavation activities wh
Page 238 and 239:
Figure 8: Worker is fixing house co
Page 240 and 241:
Figure 12: Piping works without saf
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