Polyphasic taxonomy of Penicillium subgenus Penicillium A ... - CBS

J. C. FRISVAD &R.A.SAMSONP. flavigenum Frisvad & Samson, Mycol. Res.101: 620, 1997In Penicillium subgenus Penicillium section Chrysogenaseries ChrysogenaType: Herb. CBS 419.89Culture ex type: CBS 419.89 = CBS 190.88 = IBT 3091 =IBT 21526 = IBT 3780 = IBT 4727, ex wheat flour, Denmark(T)Diagnostic features: Smooth-walled conidia, bright yellowdroplets and reverse, diffusible pigmentSimilar species: See P. chrysogenum.Description:Conidiophores: Terverticillate, both appressed and divergentrami born from aerial and subsurface hyphaeConidia: Smooth-walled, globose to subglobose, 2.5-4 μm x2.3-3.5 μmPhialides: Cylindrical, with short broad collula, 7-9 μm x2.3-2.5 μmMetulae: Cylindrical, 8-12 μm x 2.5-4 μmRami: Cylindrical, 15-22 μm x 3-4 μmStipes: Smooth, 200-300 μm x 3-4 μmSynnemata or fasciculation: NoneSclerotia: NoneColony texture: Velutinous to slightly floccoseConidium colour on CYA: Blue greenExudate droplets on CYA: Present, yellowReverse colour on CYA: YellowReverse colour on YES: YellowDiffusible colour on CYA: YellowEhrlich reaction: NoneOdour and volatile metabolites: No dataExtrolites: 1) Penicillin F & G, 2) Xanthocillins, 3) RoquefortineC and meleagrin, 4) Penitrem AGrowth on creatine: WeakAcid and base production on creatine: Acid under colony,no baseGrowth on UNO: Very goodGrowth on nitrite: WeakAbiotic factors:Diam., 1 week, 25°C: CYA: 22-31 mm; MEA: 24-36 mm;YES: 37-52 mm; CREA: 17-22 mm; Cz: 21-25 mm, OAT:23-32 mm: CYAS: 23-39 mm; CzBS: 6-15 mm; CzP: 0mm; UNO: 20-27 mm; DG18: 28-37 mmDiam., 1 week: 15°C: 16-19 mm; 30°C: 15-21 mm; 37°C:0-4 mmCYA/CYAS: 0.9 [0.7-1.1]CYA15°C/CYA 25°C: 0.7 [0.6-0.7]CYA30°C/CYA 25°C: 0.7 [0.6-0.8]CZBS/CZ: 0.4 [0.3-0.6]CZP/CZ: 0Distribution: Denmark, New Mexico, Arizona and Wyoming(USA), Canada, TunesiaEcology and habitats: Desert and cool desert soil, wheat,(nuts)Biotechnological applications: none, but P. flavigenum is apotential producer of penicillin and xanthocillin X, bothantibioticsBiodeterioration & phytopathology: UnknownMycotoxicoses and mycotoxins: Penitrem A and roquefortineC may be potentially produced in cereals and nuts,but it is not known whether P. flavigenum can be a dominantspecies in cereals or nuts.Typical cultures: IBT 16616 = CBS 110406, ex soil underChrysothamnus nauseosus, Table Rock Road, Wyoming(Y); IBT 14060 = CBS 110407, ex hazel nut, Denmark;T209 = IBT 21794 = CBS 110408, ex saltern Slovenia;T210 = IBT 16864 = CBS 286.97, ex soil under Atriplexgardneri, New Mexico, USA; T211 = IBT 3230 = CBS110409, ex mud from excavation, Tunesia; T212 = IBT5908 = CBS 110410, ex soil under cactus, Marica Point,Grand canyon, Arizona, USA; IBT 11693 = CBS 110411,ex wheat, Canada; IBT 13687 = CBS 274.97, ex liquoriceroot, France; IBT 14531 = CBS 276.97, ex walls ofLecuguilla Cave, Carlsbad, New Mexico.104