Polyphasic taxonomy of Penicillium subgenus Penicillium A ... - CBS

J.C. FRISVAD &R.A.SAMSONP. aethiopicum Frisvad, Mycologia 81: 848,1989.In Penicillium subgenus Penicillium section Chrysogenaseries AethiopicaType: Herb. IMI 285524Culture ex type: CBS 484.84 = IBT 21501 = IBT 5903 =IMI 285524 = FRR 2942 (T, Y), ex Hordeum vulgare,Addis-Abeba, EthiopiaDiagnostic features: Griseofulvin, viridicatumtoxin,tryptoquialanins, geosmin, ellipsoidal smooth-walledconidia, markedly sulcate colonies with a golden yellowreverse, growth at 37°C.Similar species: Isolates of this species have earlier beenidentified as P. expansum (CSIR 1039, CSIR 1375, IMI246656, IMI 279025), P. crustosum, P. verrucosum var.cyclopium or P. aurantiogriseum (CCM F-389), P. verrucosumvar. corymbiferum (Leistner Sp. 1448 = CBS 109575),P. viridicatum (CSIR 1039), but differs from all those taxaby its growth at 37ºC. It differs by all species in sectionChrysogena by being fasciculate.Description:Conidia: Smooth-walled, ellipsoidal, 2.8-3.2 x 3.3-3.8 μm,in long columnsPhialides: 7-9 μm, short collulaMetulae: 12-17 μmRami: 15-25 μmStipes: 200-350 μm, smooth to rough-walledSynnemata or fasciculation: Weakly fasciculateSclerotia: NoneColony texture: Sulcate on CYAConidium colour CYA: Dull green.Exudate droplets on CYA: Copious, clearReverse colour on CYA: Golden yellowReverse colour on YES: Yellow to curry yellowDiffusible colour: Occasional; pale orangeEhrlich reaction: No reactionOdour and volatile metabolites: Geosmin, ethylacetate, 2-methyl-3-butene-2-ol, 2-pentanone, ethyl isobutanoate,isobutyl acetate, ethyl 2-methyl-butanoate, ethyl isopentanoate,and isopentyl acetate (Larsen and Frisvad, 1995)Extrolites: 1) Griseofulvin, dechlorogriseofulvin, lichexanthone,2) Viridicatumtoxin, 3) Tryptoquialanine A & BGrowth on creatine: weak to moderate growthAcid and base production on creatine: Weak to moderateGrowth on UNO: Very goodGrowth on nitrite: WeakAbiotic factors:Diam., 1 week, 25°C: CYA: 26-38 mm; MEA: 25-40 mm;YES: 34-57 mm; CREA: 15-34 mm; Cz: 17-28 mm, OAT:20-37 mm: CYAS: 23-32 mm; CzBS: 17-23 mm; CzP: 0mm; UNO: 11-16 mm; DG18: 31-38 mmDiam., 1 week: 15°C: 20–25 mm; 30°C: 29-34 mm; 37°C:3-9 mmCYA/CYAS: 1.4 [1.1-1.7]CYA15°C/CYA 25°C: 0.6 [0.6-0.7]CYA30°C/CYA 25°C: 0.9 [0.8-0-9]CZBS/CZ: 0.6 [0.5-0.7]CZP/CZ: 0Distribution: Pantropical (South America, Africa, India,Southeast Asia), but also in greenhouses in subtropical andtemperate climates.Ecology and habitats: Maize, sorghum, wheat, barley,kemiri nuts, cow peas, soybeans, mung beans, peanuts,cashews (Frisvad and Filtenborg, 1989, Pitt and Hocking1998)Biotechnological applications: Viridicatumtoxin is a weakantitumor agent (Raju et al., 82) and griseofulvin is animportant antifungal agent (Cole and Cox, 1981). Thespecies is not used commercially.Biodeterioration & phytopathology: No dataMycotoxicoses and mycotoxins: Viridicatumtoxin is anephrotoxin (Hutchison et al., 1973); the toxicity of thetryptoquialanins is unknown, but the closely related tryptoquivalinsare regarded as tremorgens (Cole and Cox,1981). No reported mycotoxicosis.Typical cultures: IBT 11191 = CBS 270.97, locust beangum flour, imported to Denmark; IBT 16873 = CBS 287.97,tropical room Victoria, Vancouver Island, BC, Canada; IBT5753 = IBT 3352 = IBT 3916 = IBT 3906 = IBT 4706 =CBS 109575, salami, Germany; IBT 5906 = CBS 109577 =IMI 279025, Vitus sp. fruit, India; IBT 5750 = CBS 109574= IMI 246656, maize, Bhagalpur, India; IBT 5905 = CBS109576, pearl millet, Zimbabwe; IBT 21721 = CBS 109602,cassava chips, Africa; CSIR 1029; CSIR 1375 = NRRL5880, maize, South Africa; IBT 4701 = IMI 293194 =ATCC 58633, cucumber in greenhouse, Denmark; CCM F-389, tropical soil; IBT 5752, soil, Amazonas, Brazil.52