J. C. FRISVAD &R.A.SAMSONP. brevicompactum Dierckx, Ann. Soc. Scient.Brux. 25: 88, 1901In <strong>Penicillium</strong> <strong>subgenus</strong> <strong>Penicillium</strong> section Coronata seriesOlsoniiType: Herb. IMI 040225Culture ex type: <strong>CBS</strong> 257.29 = <strong>CBS</strong> 110071 = IBT 23045= IMI 040225 = ATCC 9056 = ATCC 10814 = FRR 862 =NRRL 862 = NRRL 863 = NRRL 2011 (T), ex unrecordedsource.Diagnostic features: Brevianamide A, mycophenolic acid,pebrolides, Raistrick phenols, finely roughened ellipsoidalconidia, short broad penicilli, apically inflated metulae.Similar species: See P. bialowiezense.Description:Conidiophores: Long, appressed, terverticillateConidia: Finely roughened ellipsoidal, 2.5-3.5 μm x 2.0-2.5μmPhialides: Cylindrical with gradually tapering collula, 6.5-9μm x 2.5-3 μmMetulae: Cylindrical apically inflated, 10-15 μm x 3.5-4.5μmRami: 15-25 μm x 4-5 μmStipes: 400-800 μm x 4-6 μm, smooth-walledSynnemata or fasciculation: NoneSclerotia: NoneColony texture: VelutinousConidium colour on CYA: Dull green to grey greenExudate droplets on CYA: Pale to yellow or reddish brownReverse colour on CYA: beige to yellowish creamReverse colour on YES: Cream-coloured to beige, in fewstrains a conspicuous red reverse and diffusible pigment isproducedDiffusible colour on CYA: Pale or light brownEhrlich reaction: No reaction or yellowOdour and volatile metabolites: Isobutanol, isopentanol(Larsen and Frisvad, 1995)Extrolites: 1) Raistrick phenols; 2) Mycophenolic acids andmycochromenic acid, 3) Brevianamide A & B, 4) Asperphenamate,5) Pebrolides, 6) Botryodiploidin, 7) 11-(5’-Epoxy-4’-hydroxy-3’-hydroxymethylcyclo-2’-hexenone)-∆-8(12)-drimene , 8) Silvatins, 9) BrevigillideFurther extrolites reported: 10) Brevicompanins, 11) Brevioxims,12) Adenophostins. The identity <strong>of</strong> the producingorganisms has not been verified for the last three groupsGrowth on creatine: PoorAcid and base production on creatine: Most commonly noacid production, occasionally weak or good acid productionGrowth on UNO: GoodGrowth on nitrite: Moderate to goodAbiotic factors:Diam., 1 week, 25°C: CYA: 14-30 mm [atyp.: 8-11 mm];MEA: 10-26 mm; YES: 20-36 mm; CREA: 4-18 mm; Cz:9-18 mm, OAT: 16-26 mm: CYAS: (15-)21-26 mm; CzBS:7-17 mm; CzP: 0 mm; UNO: 10-14 mm; DG18: 12-19 mmDiam., CYA, 1 week: 15°C: 17-21 mm; 30°C: 0-3 mm;37°C: 0 mmCYA/CYAS: 0.9 [0.8-0.9], halotolerant64CYA15°C/CYA 25°C: 0.9 [0.7-1.0], psychrotolerantCYA30°C/CYA 25°C: 0.1 [0-0.1]CZBS/CZ: 0.9 [0.6-1.0]CZP/CZ: 0Distribution: Cosmopolitan. Denmark, Faroe Islands,Greenland, The Netherlands, Sweden, Svalbard, Norway,United Kingdom, Germany, Poland, France, Slovenia, Italy,Greece, Costa Rica, Venezuela, Columbia, Brazil, Chile,Connecticut, New Mexico, Wisconsin, South Carolina,USA, Canada, Ethiopia, India, Japan, Australia, EasternIsland (Chile). See also Domsch et al. (1980)Ecology and habitats: Soil under conifers, agricultural soil,mouldy mushrooms, spruce cones, acorns, seaweed, sage,c<strong>of</strong>fee cherries, apples, potatoes, barley, wheat, oats, sorghum,mouldy c<strong>of</strong>fee beans, seaweed, air in factories, codroe, mouldy bakers yeast, apricot puree, maple syrup,margarine, liver paté, salami and other processed foods,waste, dead insects, human bone, salt pans.Biotechnological applications: Production <strong>of</strong> mycophenolicacid (m<strong>of</strong>etil) (brand name CellCept) (Bentley, 2000).This is used for treatment <strong>of</strong> many diseases, but is especiallyeffective for prevention <strong>of</strong> rejection in heart andkidney transplantations (Bentley, 2000)Biodeterioration & phytopathology: P. brevicompactumhas been found growing actively on Amanita citrina, Paxillusinvolutus, Flammulina velutipes, Boletus spp., Pleurotusostreatus, Nectria rishbethii and other macr<strong>of</strong>ungi; it hasalso been found growing in cosmetics and on wood forbuilding constructionMycotoxicoses and mycotoxins: Mycophenolic acid is anantibiotic, with anti-tumor, anti-psoriasis and immunosuppressivefeatures (Bentley, 2000) and may be <strong>of</strong> relevancefor secondary mycotoxicosis (bacterial infections caused byintake <strong>of</strong> immunosuppressive mycotoxins). The otherextrolites produced have not been reported to be mycotoxinsin the strict sense <strong>of</strong> the word, except botryodiploidin. Thismycotoxins is produced by some strains <strong>of</strong> P. brevicompactum(Fujimoto et al., 1980 misidentified as P. carneolutescens;Frisvad, 1989)Typical cultures: IBT 18329 = <strong>CBS</strong> 110067, ex soil underJuniper, Madrid, New Mexico, USA; IBT 21507 = IBT6607 = <strong>CBS</strong> 480.84 = FRR 2938 (Y), ex Raphanus sp.,Denmark; IBT 13151 = <strong>CBS</strong> 110068 = WSF 3531, ex soil,Wisconsin, USA; IBT 4342 = <strong>CBS</strong> 110072 = NRRL 867 =IMI 092219 = FRR 3719, ex unrecorded source (P. griseobrunneum);<strong>CBS</strong> 256.31 = IBT 23046 = IMI 089824 =NRRL 859 = FRR 859 = ATCC 10111 = IFO 5858, exdecomposing mushroom, Storrs, Connecticut, USA (P.stoloniferum); <strong>CBS</strong> 210.28 = IBT 23043 = IMI 092266, exforest soil under conifers, Puszcza, Bialowieska, Poland (P.patris-meae); <strong>CBS</strong> 316.59 = IBT 23047 = IMI 092262 =NRRL 866 = FRR 866, ex soil under conifers, Tatry Mountains(P. hagemii); <strong>CBS</strong> 317.59 = IBT 23069 = IFO 5727 =FRR 1363 = IMI 068217 = ATCC 18311, ex soil, Japan (P.brunneostoloniferum); IBT 18098 = <strong>CBS</strong> 110069 = FRR2455, ex artificial maple syrup, preserved with 650 ppmbenzoic acid, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
POLYPHASIC TAXONOMY OF SUBGENUS PENICILLIUMFig. 32. <strong>Penicillium</strong> brevicompactum. 7-day old colonies at (A) CYA, (B), MEA, (C) YES, D-H. Conidiophores. I. Conidia.White bar = 10 µm.65
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