Polyphasic taxonomy of Penicillium subgenus Penicillium A ... - CBS

J. C. FRISVAD &R.A.SAMSONP. griseofulvum Dierckx, Ann. Soc. Scient. Brux.25: 88, 1901In Penicillium subgenus Penicillium section Penicilliumseries UrticicolaeType: Herb. IMI 075832Culture ex type: Type: CBS 185.27 = IBT 6740 = ATCC11885 = IMI 075832 = ATHUM 2893 = CECT 2605 =DSM 896 = IFO 7640 = IFO 7641 = LCP 79.3245 = MUCL28643 = NRRL 2152 = NRRL 2300 = QM 6902 = VKM F-286, Belgium (T)Diagnostic features: Griseofulvin, cyclopiazonic acid,patulin, roquefortine C, cyclopiamide, cyclopiamine,ellipsoidal smooth-walled conidia, very short phialides, greyconidia with only small element of green, very branchedcondiophoresSimilar species: P. dipodomyicola has a dark brown reverseand green conidia on CYA in contrast to P. griseofulvum.Description:Conidiophores: Divergent, undulate or sinuate, terverticillateto quinterverticillateConidia: Smooth-walled, broadly ellipsoidal, 2.5-3.5 x 2.2-2.5 μmPhialides: Flask-shaped tapering to a distinct collulum, 4.5-6.5 μm x 2.2-2.5 μmMetulae: Cylindrical, 7.5-10 μm x 3.5-4 μmRami: Cylindrical, 15-25 μm x 3.5-4 μmStipes: Smooth-walled, 400-500 μm x 3-4 μmSynnemata or fasciculation: Weakly fasciculateSclerotia: NoneColony texture: Velutinous to fasciculateConidium colour on CYA: Grey to grey greenExudate droplets on CYA: Present, clear to yellowReverse colour: Cream, beige or brownDiffusible colour: Weak pinkish brownEhrlich reaction: VioletOdour and volatile metabolites: Ethylene, ethyl acetate,ethyl isobutanoate, isobutyl acetate, ethyl butanoate, ethyl2-methyl-butanoate, ethyl isopentanoate, ethyl propanoate,propyl acetate, butyl acetate, isopropyl butanoate, 2-methylbutylacetate, isopentyl acetate, pentyl acetate, ethyl hexanoate,ethyl heptanoate (Larsen and Frisvad, 1995)Extrolites: 1) Patulin, isopatulin, desoxypatulinic acid, 2)Griseofulvin, 3) Fulvic acid, 4) Triacetic acid lactone, 5)Cyclopiazonic acid, 6) Mycelianamide, 7) Roquefortine Cand D, 8) Cyclopiamine, 9) Cyclopiamide, 10) ChanoclavineI, elymoclavine,Growth on creatine: WeakAcid and base production on creatine: No acidGrowth on UNO: WeakGrowth on nitrite: WeakAbiotic factors:Diam., 1 week, 25°C: CYA: 19-32 mm; MEA: 14-32 mm;YES: 28-46 mm; CREA: 11-22 mm; Cz: 15-22 mm, OAT:15-27 mm: CYAS: 17-23 mm; CzBS: 7-19 mm; CzP: 0mm; UNO: 9-22 mm; DG18: 22-27 mmDiam., 1 week: 5°C: 2-4 mm; 15°C: 18-21 mm; 30°C: 17-22 mm; 37°C: 0 mmCYA/CYAS: 1.5 [1.3-1.7]CYA15°C/CYA 25°C: 0.7 [0.6-0.8]CYA30°C/CYA 25°C: 0.7 [0.7-0.8]CZBS/CZ: 0.8 [0.4-1.2]CZP/CZ: 0Distribution: Denmark, Greenland, Norway, Netherlands,Belgium, Germany, British Isles, United Kingdom, France,Spain, Czech Republic, Russia, Iran, Israel, Alaska, NewMexico, Wyoming, Colorado, California (USA), Peru,Brazil, Mozambique, Somalia, South Africa, Pakistan,India, AustraliaEcology and habitats: Rice and other cereals, cherries,animal feed, dungy soil, deteriorating plants, grassland andcool desert soil. See also Domsch et al. (1980).Biotechnological applications: Production of griseofulvinBiodeterioration & phytopathology: Degradation of maltMycotoxicoses and mycotoxins: There are indications ofmycotoxicosis when P. griseofulvum has grown in cerealbased animal feeds (Domsch et al., 1980). Patulin, cyclopiazonicacid, roquefortine C and probably other metabolitesof P. griseofulvum are all toxic.Typical cultures: IBT 21530 = CBS 485.84, ex Hordeumvulgare, Denmark (Y); IBT 14319 = CBS 110420 = IMI351308, ex maize seed, Vratsa, Bulgaria; IBT 11633 = CBS110419, ex wheat, Canada; IBT 13695 = CBS 110418 =VKM F-758, Russia; IBT 16399 = CBS 110417, ex cerealgrain i9n field, Denmark; IBT 15163 = CBS 110416, exmalting barley, South Africa; IBT 21778 = IBT 18077 =CBS 112297 = RMF 3098A, ex soil in Pawnee NationalGrassland, Colorado, USA; IBT 17756 = CBS 295.97, exsoil with rabbit dung, New Mexico, USA; CBS 124.14 =FRR 992 = IMI 092273 = MUCL 29201 = NRRL 992 =VKM F-320, ex soil, Scotland (P. flexuosum); CBS 384.48= ATCC 10120 = FRR 989 = IMI 039809 = VKM F-374,ex dead stem of Urticaceae (P. urticae), CBS 315.63 = LCP79.3237, ex grain elevator, South Africa; CBS 746.70, exsoil, Italy; CBS 472.75, ex stored cereals, Yugoslavia; CBS493.75, ex contents of a deer colon, Germany; CBS 100233,ex soil, Nepal; NRRL 994 = FRR 994 = ATCC 9260 = IMI028808 (P. patulum).114