J. C. FRISVAD &R.A.SAMSONP. chrysogenum Thom, Bull. Bur. Anim. Ind. USDept. Agric. 118: 58, 1910In <strong>Penicillium</strong> <strong>subgenus</strong> <strong>Penicillium</strong> section Chrysogenaseries ChrysogenaType: Herb. IMI 024314Culture ex type: <strong>CBS</strong> 306.48 = IBT 5233* = IMI 024314 =IMI 092208 = ATCC 10106 = CCRC 30564 = FRR 807 =MUCL 29079 = MUCL 29145 = NRRL 807 = NRRL 810 =QM 7500, ex cheese, Connecticut, USA (T)Diagnostic features: Roquefortine C & D, chrysogine,penicillin F & G, globose to subglobose to broadly ellipsoidalsmooth-walled conidia, relatively short phialides withshort broad collula, high growth rate on YES with a yellowreverse and strong sporulation.Similar species: P. flavigenum is most closely related to P.chrysogenum, but differs by the slower growth rate onCYAS and the the deep yellow reverse on YES agar.Description:Conidiophores: Bi-, ter- and quarterverticillate, both appressedand divergent rami born from aerial and subsurfacehyphaeConidia: Smooth-walled, globose to subglobose to broadlyellipsoidal, 2.5-4 μm x 2.3-3.5 μmPhialides: Cylindrical, with short broad collula, 7-9 μm x2.3-2.5 μmMetulae: Cylindrical, 8-12 μm x 2.5-4 μmRami: Cylindrical, 15-20 μm x 3-4 μmStipes: 200-300 μm x 3-4 μmSynnemata or fasciculation: NoneSclerotia: NoneColony texture: Floccose to velutinousConidium colour on CYA: Blue green to greenExudate droplets on CYA: Often present, copious, yellowReverse colour on CYA: Cream, yellow, rarely brownReverse colour on YES: Citrine YellowDiffusible colour: Yellow pigment <strong>of</strong>ten producedEhrlich reaction: No reation or yellow reactionOdour and volatile metabolites: 3-octanone, 1-heptene, 1,3-octadiene, 3-heptanone, 1-nonene, 1-octen-3-ol, 3-octanol,(pineapple odour at low water activities) (Larsen andFrisvad, 1995)Extrolites: 1) Penicillins, 2) Roquefortine C and meleagrin,3) Chrysogine, 4) Xanthocillins, 5) Secalonic acids, 6)Sorrentanone and sorbicillin 7) PR-toxinGrowth on creatine: WeakAcid and base production on creatine: none or poor, no baseproductionGrowth on UNO: Very goodGrowth on nitrite: Occasionally goodAbiotic factors:Diam., 1 week, 25°C: CYA: 23-46 mm; MEA: 19-52 mm;YES: 40-64 mm; CREA: 16-26 mm; Cz: 18-33 mm, OAT:18-42 mm: CYAS: 27-43 mm; CzBS: 7-24 mm; CzP: 0mm; UNO: 15-29 mm; DG18: 29-41 mmDiam., CYA, 1 week: 5°C: 1-4 mm; 15°C: 15-26 mm;30°C: 14-27 mm; 37°C: 0-7 mmCYA/CYAS: 0.9 [0.8-1.1]CYA15°C/CYA 25°C: 0.6 [0.4-0.7]CYA30°C/CYA 25°C: 0.6 [0.4-0.8]CZBS/CZ: 0.6 [0.3-0.9]CZP/CZ: 0Distribution: Panglobal, very commonEcology and habitats: Indoor environments, deserts, driedfoods, salterns, cheeseBiotechnological applications: Production <strong>of</strong> penicillin andxanthocillin X, treatment <strong>of</strong> pulp mill waste, production <strong>of</strong>polyamine oxidase, polyamide oxidase, phospho-gluconatedehydrogenase, glucose oxidase, and also used for biotransformations.Biodeterioration & phytopathology: Building materialsare deterioratedMycotoxicoses and mycotoxins: PR-toxin, roquefortine C,secalonic acids have been regarded as mycotoxinsTypical cultures: IBT 14462 = <strong>CBS</strong> 776.95, exLechuiguilla Cave, Carlsbad, New Mexico, USA; IBT5304* = <strong>CBS</strong> 775.95, ex air in kitchen, Denmark; T84 =IBT 21511 = <strong>CBS</strong> 478.84 (Y), ex air, Denmark; IBT 22809= <strong>CBS</strong> 111216, ex saltern, Slovenia; IBT 21928* = <strong>CBS</strong>111215, ex sage; IBT 23019 = <strong>CBS</strong> 205.57 = ATCC 8537 =ATCC 9478 = CECT 2306 = IMI 015378 = NRRL 1209 =NRRL 824 = QM 6749, ex culture contaminant, UK; IBT22777 = <strong>CBS</strong> 111214, ex wheat bread, Italy; IBT 5848* =<strong>CBS</strong> 112208, ex soil, China; IBT 23022* = <strong>CBS</strong> 412.69, exsoil, Syria (P. harmonense); IBT 6048 = IBT 4344* = <strong>CBS</strong>355.48 = NRRL 821 = IMI 039759ii = ATCC 10108 =IHEM 3181 = MUCL 31327 = QM 7601, ex decayingbranch <strong>of</strong> Hyssopus sp., Norway (P. notatum); IBT 3363* =FRR 1142 = ATCC 48908, ex snack food, Sydney, NSW,Australia; IBT 19373* = <strong>CBS</strong> 289.53 = IMI 089373, exgelatine, UK (the only strain found that does not producemeleagrin, but does produce emodic acid and ω-hydroxyemodin); <strong>CBS</strong> 307.48 = FRR 1951 = NRRL 1951 =IMI 040233 = CECT 2802 = QM 941 = VTT D-88381, exCitrullus lenotus, Illinois, USA; IBT 4395 = IBT 6067 =NRRL 820 = IMI 092220 (P. griseoroseum); IBT 4350 =IBT 6062 = <strong>CBS</strong> 349.48 = NRRL 836 = ATCC 10468 =IFO 8143 = IMI 039762 = QM 7598 (AUT, P. meleagrinum);IBT 3361 = IMI 041606 (P. camerunense); IBT 3363= IMI 092241 (P. flavidomarginatum); IMI 129964 (P.aromaticum var. microsporum)*These isolates produce the unknown indole metabolite Ø74
POLYPHASIC TAXONOMY OF SUBGENUS PENICILLIUMFig. 37. <strong>Penicillium</strong> chrysogenum. 7-day old colonies on A. CYA, B. MEA, C. YES, D-H. Conidiophores. I. Conidia. Whitebar = 10 µm.75
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