Honeybee Production and Marketing Systems, Constraints - IPMS ...

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hunting, traditional (forest and backyard) and improved (movable-frame and movable top-bar)methods of beekeeping.It is likely that man hunted for wild nests of bees and looked for their honey during the whole ofhis existence. Early man probably took honey from bees’ nests wherever he found them, and thecollection of honey from wild nests continued except in some regions where it has been entirelysuperseded by beekeeping (Crane, 1990).There are many references to honey in ancient records and literature, but most of them gave noclue as to whether the honey was obtained by honey hunting or beekeeping. Wherever writingwas known, honey was mentioned so many times in the Holy book of the people, and it oftenheld a place of honor in their rights (FAO, 1986).The earliest known evidence of honey hunting scenes was a painting made in a rock shelter inthe mountains of eastern Spain in Mesolithic times, probably dated to about 5000 BC (Dams,1978 cited by Crane, 1990). Africa has many rock paintings about honey hunting than any othercontinent and some of the countries, which can be mentioned, are South Africa (Natal),Zimbabwe, Morocco, Libya and Tanzania (HBRC, 1997).Honey hunting has been a very common practice even up to present generation in many parts ofAfrica, including Ethiopia. In southwestern parts of Ethiopia, some households entirely dependon honey hunting and forest beekeeping for their entire livelihood. Honey hunting is alsocommon in pastoral communities in which beekeeping seem impossible.Beekeeping properly started when man learned to safeguard the future of the colonies of bees hefound in hollow tree trucks, rock crevices or elsewhere, by a certain amount of care andsupervision. Crane (1990) reported that by 2500 BC, before forest beekeeping is known to haveexisted, fully fledged beekeeping was being practiced in ancient Egypt and the earliest writtenrecords that relate to the keeping of bees in hives are from about 1500 BC. Generally, the earliestknown evidence of beekeeping has been found in the Africa continent (Cran, 1990).6
Beekeeping up to 1500 AD continued in the traditional form using primitive hives. Of all theregions under consideration, tropical Africa has the oldest tradition of beekeeping and still withprimitive hives (FAO, 1986). Between 1650 and 1850 AD many hives with top-bars and frameswere invented, but after these two centuries of effort there was still failure on the fundamentalpoint: whatever bars or frames were used, the bees attached their comb to the walls of the hive aswell, and the combs could, therefore, only be removed from the hive by cutting them out.Lorenzo Lorraine Langstroth made the step, which changed this, in 1851 when he discoveredpractical movable-frame hives with an appropriate 'bee-space'. The pattern of modern beekeepingwas thus established between 1850 and 1900 AD. Different equipments were invented in thisperiod, but Langstroth is advance in 1851 remains the basic principle of the box hive, and thus ofour beekeeping today (Crane, 1976).2.2 Species and Races of HoneybeeSince the late 1700s, about 9 species of honeybees have been recognized (Roubik, 1989). Theseare: Apis andreniformis, Apis cerana, Apis cerana indica, Apis dorsata, Apis dorsata binghami,Apis florea, Apis laboriosa, Apis mellifera and Apis vechti. Among these, the following are themajor honeybee species and are of world economic importance: Apis cerana/indica, Apisdorsata, Apis florea and Apis mellifera. Race in honeybees is a result of natural selection andhoneybees have been adapted to different geographical areas of the world for many years withoutthe interference of mankind. In so doing, there has been an environmental effect on the anatomyand physiology of honeybees leading to differentiation.African and European honeybees, even though were from the same species, are differing inbehavior, production and on some morphological variables of importance. Hence, quite a largenumber of subspecies (races) of honeybees are found in the world today. Ruttner (1986) reportedthe presence of 23 distinct geographical races using multivariate analysis of the morphometriccharacteristics of honeybees. In Africa alone, more than 16 subspecies or races are residing indifferent ecological places.7
Page 1 and 2: Honeybee Production and Marketing S
Page 3 and 4: DEDICATIONThis thesis is dedicated
Page 5 and 6: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONSACSIAMPANRSBoA
Page 7 and 8: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAbove all, thanks t
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF FIGURESFigure 2: Traditiona
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONSACKNOWLEDGEMEN
Page 13 and 14: Appendix 7.2 Honeybee Floras of Bur
Page 15 and 16: 1. INTRODUCTIONAfrica is blessed wi
Page 17 and 18: Recently, different beekeeping deve
Page 19: 2. LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 Origin and
Page 23 and 24: this characteristic allows their su
Page 25 and 26: people to look more deeply at the f
Page 27 and 28: 2002). Among these A.m. monticlola
Page 29 and 30: hives, environmental conditions and
Page 31 and 32: give higher yield and quality honey
Page 33 and 34: Honeybee is also believed to play a
Page 35 and 36: properties of Ethiopian honey were
Page 37 and 38: An introduction of improved hives a
Page 39 and 40: 3.1.2 Topography, Altitude and Clim
Page 41 and 42: • Honey production and marketing
Page 43 and 44: homogenized honey samples. The refr
Page 45 and 46: The absorbance of the sample soluti
Page 47 and 48: W 2 = weight (g) of honey sampleY 2
Page 49 and 50: economically active age groups and
Page 51 and 52: 4.1.4 Livestock holdings and purpos
Page 53 and 54: 4.1.6 Availability of creditsAccord
Page 55 and 56: 4.2 Beekeeping practicesUnder this
Page 57 and 58: 4.2.1.2 Top bar hive beekeepingAcco
Page 59 and 60: 4.2.2 Reason for involvement in bee
Page 61 and 62: Table 9: Criteria to select an apia
Page 63 and 64: service shouldered on Bureau of Agr
Page 65 and 66: Generally, top bar and moveable fra
Page 67 and 68: 4.2.8 Beekeeping trainingFrom this
Page 69 and 70: 4.2.10 Incidence of absconding and
Page 71 and 72:
indigenous knowledge, further resea
Page 73 and 74:
Figure 5: Colony marketing in Bure
Page 75 and 76:
form of top-bar hive may be one ste
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gourd (10.8%) and animal skin (2.5%
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colonies are not placed nearby sour
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Table 22: Major enemies of bees in
Page 83 and 84:
Table 23: Indigenous knowledge of b
Page 85 and 86:
Table 24: Percent distribution of u
Page 87 and 88:
There was price variations based on
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our country the acceptable HMF is b
Page 91 and 92:
Table 27: Physiochemical component
Page 93 and 94:
Generally, top bar and moveable fra
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Table 29 Major constraints of beeke
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More over improving and encouraging
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6 REFERENCESAdebabay kebede, Kerale
Page 101 and 102:
honeybee (A. mellifera L.) disease
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Martin, E.C. 1976. The use of bees
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7 APPENDIXAppendix 7.1 Map of the s
Page 107 and 108:
Amharic Scientific name Floral cale
Page 109 and 110:
Appendix 7.3 Relationship of water
Page 111 and 112:
Appendix 7.5 Method of Chemical Sol
Page 113 and 114:
Appendix 7.6 Honey quality laborato
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2. Crop Production2.1 Landholding (
Page 117 and 118:
4. Credit Sources and Availability4
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5.1.10.2. If there is a decrease in
Page 121 and 122:
5.1.17. What are the major advantag
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5.3. Beekeeping equipments and prot
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1. Removal of queen cells 1.Yes ___
Page 127 and 128:
5.4.17. What are the sale prices of
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7.1. Do you sale your honey? 1. Yes
Page 131:
8. Constraints of beekeeping8.1. Wh
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