Honeybee Production and Marketing Systems, Constraints - IPMS ...

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Nuru (2002) reported that beekeepers of Amahra and Tigray Regions, unlike other areas, movetheir colonies for better forage. According to the same source, in some places of Gojjambeekeepers move their colonies to other places not only for better forage but also to protect themfrom certain seasonal diseases.Experienced beekeepers in Borena (South Wello) of Amahara region move their hives once ayear to an outstanding honey flow area and 2 to 3 times honey harvest is possible. Formaximization of honey production and efficient utilization of resources, migratory beekeepingcan be exercised in areas where honey forages provide rich honey flows in succession(Keralealem Ejigu, 2005).2.5.3.2 Traditional BeekeepingIn Ethiopia, traditional beekeeping is the oldest and the richest practice, which has been carriedout by the people for thousands of years. Several million bee colonies are managed with thesame old traditional beekeeping methods in almost all parts of the country (Mammo, 1973; Fichtland Admasu, 1994). Traditional beekeeping is of two types: forest beekeeping and backyardbeekeeping. In some places, especially in the western and southern parts of the country, forestbeekeeping by hanging a number of traditional hives on trees is widely practiced. In other mostparts of the country backyard beekeeping with relatively better management is common (Nuru,2002).Traditional beekeeping is mostly practiced with different types of traditional hives. The mostuniversal type of traditional hives, known to have been in use is simple cylindrical type.Beekeeping started with traditional or fixed comb hives, so called because the combs areattached to the top and sides of the hive itself and the beekeeper cannot easily remove andreplace them.In its primitive form, only one end of the hive could be open, but in more advanced forms eachend of the cylinder will be fitted with a removable closure. The types of hives and the way ofkeeping bees vary from area to area. Based on locally available materials used for construction of14
hives, environmental conditions and positions used to keep bees, the following variants of basicdesign are found throughout the country: hollowed logs, bark hive, bamboo or reed grass hive,mud (clay) hive, animal dung (mixed with ash) hive, woven straw hive, gourd hive, earthen pothive and so on. The beekeepers that are experienced and skilful in using these hives could domany operations with less facility. Gezahegne (2001a) stated that under Ethiopian farmers’management condition, the average amount of crude honey produced from traditional hive isestimated to be 5 kg / hive / year. On the other hand, based on the survey conducted in WestShowa Zone (Edessa, 2005), the amount of honey harvested, from a traditional hive on averagewas reported to be 6.1 kg/hive/year.Traditional husbandry is practiced with many millions of fixed comb hives particularly in theremote areas of the country. For the period until modern frame-hives are introduced, these fixedcomb hives can yield a modest amount of honey, and also about 8-10% of its weight is beeswax.This harvest is achieved with minimal cost and labor, and it is valuable to people living amarginal existence.2.5.3.3 Transitional System of BeekeepingIt is a type of beekeeping intermediate between traditional and modern beekeeping methods.Generally, top-bar hive is a single story long box with slopping sidewalls inward toward thebottom (forming an angle of 115 o with the floor) and covered with bars of fixed width, 32 mmfor east African honeybees (Segeren, 1995; Nicola, 2002).Adjare (1990) and IBRA (1997) suggested that for technical and economic reasons, most Africancountries are not yet in the position to use movable- frame hives, and for them top- bar hiverepresents a satisfactory compromise.Although movable frame hives are recommended for experienced beekeepers that want tooptimize honey production, the Kenya top-bar (KTB) hive has been proved to be most suitablebecause of its low cost and the fact that the beekeepers or local carpenters can easily construct it.15
Page 1 and 2: Honeybee Production and Marketing S
Page 3 and 4: DEDICATIONThis thesis is dedicated
Page 5 and 6: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONSACSIAMPANRSBoA
Page 7 and 8: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAbove all, thanks t
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF FIGURESFigure 2: Traditiona
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONSACKNOWLEDGEMEN
Page 13 and 14: Appendix 7.2 Honeybee Floras of Bur
Page 15 and 16: 1. INTRODUCTIONAfrica is blessed wi
Page 17 and 18: Recently, different beekeeping deve
Page 19 and 20: 2. LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 Origin and
Page 21 and 22: Beekeeping up to 1500 AD continued
Page 23 and 24: this characteristic allows their su
Page 25 and 26: people to look more deeply at the f
Page 27: 2002). Among these A.m. monticlola
Page 31 and 32: give higher yield and quality honey
Page 33 and 34: Honeybee is also believed to play a
Page 35 and 36: properties of Ethiopian honey were
Page 37 and 38: An introduction of improved hives a
Page 39 and 40: 3.1.2 Topography, Altitude and Clim
Page 41 and 42: • Honey production and marketing
Page 43 and 44: homogenized honey samples. The refr
Page 45 and 46: The absorbance of the sample soluti
Page 47 and 48: W 2 = weight (g) of honey sampleY 2
Page 49 and 50: economically active age groups and
Page 51 and 52: 4.1.4 Livestock holdings and purpos
Page 53 and 54: 4.1.6 Availability of creditsAccord
Page 55 and 56: 4.2 Beekeeping practicesUnder this
Page 57 and 58: 4.2.1.2 Top bar hive beekeepingAcco
Page 59 and 60: 4.2.2 Reason for involvement in bee
Page 61 and 62: Table 9: Criteria to select an apia
Page 63 and 64: service shouldered on Bureau of Agr
Page 65 and 66: Generally, top bar and moveable fra
Page 67 and 68: 4.2.8 Beekeeping trainingFrom this
Page 69 and 70: 4.2.10 Incidence of absconding and
Page 71 and 72: indigenous knowledge, further resea
Page 73 and 74: Figure 5: Colony marketing in Bure
Page 75 and 76: form of top-bar hive may be one ste
Page 77 and 78: gourd (10.8%) and animal skin (2.5%
Page 79 and 80:
colonies are not placed nearby sour
Page 81 and 82:
Table 22: Major enemies of bees in
Page 83 and 84:
Table 23: Indigenous knowledge of b
Page 85 and 86:
Table 24: Percent distribution of u
Page 87 and 88:
There was price variations based on
Page 89 and 90:
our country the acceptable HMF is b
Page 91 and 92:
Table 27: Physiochemical component
Page 93 and 94:
Generally, top bar and moveable fra
Page 95 and 96:
Table 29 Major constraints of beeke
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More over improving and encouraging
Page 99 and 100:
6 REFERENCESAdebabay kebede, Kerale
Page 101 and 102:
honeybee (A. mellifera L.) disease
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Martin, E.C. 1976. The use of bees
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7 APPENDIXAppendix 7.1 Map of the s
Page 107 and 108:
Amharic Scientific name Floral cale
Page 109 and 110:
Appendix 7.3 Relationship of water
Page 111 and 112:
Appendix 7.5 Method of Chemical Sol
Page 113 and 114:
Appendix 7.6 Honey quality laborato
Page 115 and 116:
2. Crop Production2.1 Landholding (
Page 117 and 118:
4. Credit Sources and Availability4
Page 119 and 120:
5.1.10.2. If there is a decrease in
Page 121 and 122:
5.1.17. What are the major advantag
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5.3. Beekeeping equipments and prot
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1. Removal of queen cells 1.Yes ___
Page 127 and 128:
5.4.17. What are the sale prices of
Page 129 and 130:
7.1. Do you sale your honey? 1. Yes
Page 131:
8. Constraints of beekeeping8.1. Wh
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