Honeybee Production and Marketing Systems, Constraints - IPMS ...

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Table 28: Results of honey in the study areas compared to National and International standardStandardsStudy AreaResultCharacteristics tested World FAO/WHO National (Mean)1 Moisture content, % by mass 18 – 23 21 – 23 21max. 18.82 Total ash, % by mass 0.25 – 1 0.6 – 1 0.60 max. 0.273 Total reducing sugar 60 – 70 65 min 65 min. 65.734 Sucrose content, % by mass 3 – 10 5 – 10 5max. 1.655 Acidity, milli equiv. acid/kg 5 – 54 40/kg 40/kg 28.836 Hydrixymethylfurfural mg/100g 40 -80 80 max 40max. 38.557 Diastase 3-10 - 3 min. 8.928 pH 3.2 - 4.5 - - 3.53Source: Quality and Standards Authority of Ethiopia (2005)4.5 Constraints and Opportunities of BeekeepingIn order to utilize the beekeeping sub sector, identifying the existing constraints and searchingfor solutions are of paramount importance. The participants identified 18 major constraints. Allproblems cannot be solved at once because of time and capital shortage. As a result,prioritization of the problems was made to identify the most important constraints that hinder thedevelopment of beekeeping sub sector in the study area.Based on the result of this study, beekeepers much suffered from a number of difficulties andchallenges that are antagonistic to the success desired in honey production. Major problems inbeekeeping arise from bee characteristics or environmental factors that are beyond the control ofthe beekeepers, while others have to do with poor marketing infrastructure and storage facilities.After having identified the major problems facing the beekeeping activities, farmers wererequested to list their priority in order of importance. According to the response of thebeekeepers and available information on major challenges of the beekeepers, the first constraintof honeybee production is lack of beekeeping equipment (Table 27).78
Generally, top bar and moveable frame type hives are demanding more additional beekeepingequipment than traditional hive. However, the majority of the beekeepers lack protective cloth,smoker, casting mould and honey extractors, without which improved beekeeping practices can’tbe successful. Besides, apiculture equipment are expensive relative to the purchasing power of thebeekeepers and knowledge gap, which is why the sample data indicate farmers hold a maximumof 60 empty modern hives with a mean of 3.87. Therefore, the adoption of improved beekeepingpractices also relies on the supply of these basic inputs.According to the respondent beekeepers, the second most devastating phenomenon that curtailsthe productivity of honeybee colonies is poisoning of honeybees by agro-chemicals such asfungicides, pesticides, and herbicides. These days, it is becoming a social problem due to theconflict of interest between the beekeepers and non-beekeepers during its application.Therefore, it deserves urgent action from the regional government to formulate policy and designlegislations with regard to application of Agricultural chemicals. Moreover, focus should begiven to those chemicals which are not harmful to honeybees and the applications should notmatch with flowering seasons so as to minimize the poisoning effect on honeybees. In short,these problems are technical, management and policy issues and can affect the production andproductivity of beekeeping in the region. Therefore, much focus has to be given to alleviate thedescribed constraints, to tap the maximum potential of the beekeeping industry. In this regard, itis time to develop beekeeping development strategy and policy by the Regional Government,BoARD, ARARI, HBRC, NGOs and other concerned organizations.The respondents indicated shortage of bee forage as the third major constraint which is resultedfrom increasing problem of deforestation and over-gazing and lack of attention to introducepotential bee forage plants. The disappearance of woody vegetation (forests and woodlands) andovergrazing has nearly depleted the bee forage supply. The supply of natural bee forage isdisappearing and as a consequence bee colonies are suffering, ultimately resulting in low yield.Therefore, in this regard, one has to provide supplementary feed to his/her colony, plantingdrought resistant bee forage species around the apiary and provide water to the colony.79
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Honeybee Production and Marketing S
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DEDICATIONThis thesis is dedicated
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONSACSIAMPANRSBoA
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAbove all, thanks t
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LIST OF FIGURESFigure 2: Traditiona
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONSACKNOWLEDGEMEN
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Appendix 7.2 Honeybee Floras of Bur
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1. INTRODUCTIONAfrica is blessed wi
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Recently, different beekeeping deve
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2. LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 Origin and
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Beekeeping up to 1500 AD continued
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this characteristic allows their su
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people to look more deeply at the f
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2002). Among these A.m. monticlola
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hives, environmental conditions and
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give higher yield and quality honey
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Honeybee is also believed to play a
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properties of Ethiopian honey were
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An introduction of improved hives a
Page 39 and 40:
3.1.2 Topography, Altitude and Clim
Page 41 and 42: • Honey production and marketing
Page 43 and 44: homogenized honey samples. The refr
Page 45 and 46: The absorbance of the sample soluti
Page 47 and 48: W 2 = weight (g) of honey sampleY 2
Page 49 and 50: economically active age groups and
Page 51 and 52: 4.1.4 Livestock holdings and purpos
Page 53 and 54: 4.1.6 Availability of creditsAccord
Page 55 and 56: 4.2 Beekeeping practicesUnder this
Page 57 and 58: 4.2.1.2 Top bar hive beekeepingAcco
Page 59 and 60: 4.2.2 Reason for involvement in bee
Page 61 and 62: Table 9: Criteria to select an apia
Page 63 and 64: service shouldered on Bureau of Agr
Page 65 and 66: Generally, top bar and moveable fra
Page 67 and 68: 4.2.8 Beekeeping trainingFrom this
Page 69 and 70: 4.2.10 Incidence of absconding and
Page 71 and 72: indigenous knowledge, further resea
Page 73 and 74: Figure 5: Colony marketing in Bure
Page 75 and 76: form of top-bar hive may be one ste
Page 77 and 78: gourd (10.8%) and animal skin (2.5%
Page 79 and 80: colonies are not placed nearby sour
Page 81 and 82: Table 22: Major enemies of bees in
Page 83 and 84: Table 23: Indigenous knowledge of b
Page 85 and 86: Table 24: Percent distribution of u
Page 87 and 88: There was price variations based on
Page 89 and 90: our country the acceptable HMF is b
Page 91: Table 27: Physiochemical component
Page 95 and 96: Table 29 Major constraints of beeke
Page 97 and 98: More over improving and encouraging
Page 99 and 100: 6 REFERENCESAdebabay kebede, Kerale
Page 101 and 102: honeybee (A. mellifera L.) disease
Page 103 and 104: Martin, E.C. 1976. The use of bees
Page 105 and 106: 7 APPENDIXAppendix 7.1 Map of the s
Page 107 and 108: Amharic Scientific name Floral cale
Page 109 and 110: Appendix 7.3 Relationship of water
Page 111 and 112: Appendix 7.5 Method of Chemical Sol
Page 113 and 114: Appendix 7.6 Honey quality laborato
Page 115 and 116: 2. Crop Production2.1 Landholding (
Page 117 and 118: 4. Credit Sources and Availability4
Page 119 and 120: 5.1.10.2. If there is a decrease in
Page 121 and 122: 5.1.17. What are the major advantag
Page 123 and 124: 5.3. Beekeeping equipments and prot
Page 125 and 126: 1. Removal of queen cells 1.Yes ___
Page 127 and 128: 5.4.17. What are the sale prices of
Page 129 and 130: 7.1. Do you sale your honey? 1. Yes
Page 131: 8. Constraints of beekeeping8.1. Wh
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