Thesis document - Jana Milosovicova - Urban Design English

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Ground waterHeat WaveH/W ratio“Water beneath the earth’s surface that fills underground pockets (known as aquifers) andmoves between soil particles and rock, supplying wells and springs (Yeang 2006, p. 448).”“Although there is no adequate definition of a heat wave, warnings are issued whenthresholds of daytime high and nighttime low heat index (Hi) values are exceeded forat least two consecutive days. The heat index is a combination of ambient temperatureand humidity that approximates the environmental aspect of the thermal regime of ahuman body, with the thresholds representing a generalized estimate of the onset ofphysiological stress. Heat waves are a major cause of weather-related deaths. With thecurrent concern for global warming, it is reasonable to suppose that they may increasein frequency, severity, duration, or areal extent in the future.” (Robinson 2001)The ratio of height (H) of the buildings to the spacing (width – W) between them. Thevalue of this ratio interprets, how much of incident solar radiation reaches the ground,and heats up the air near the ground (Givoni 1998, p. 247).Impermeable “Restricts the movement of products through the surface” (Yeang 2006, p. 450)Impervious surface area “Area that has been sealed and does not allow water to infiltrate, such as roofs, plazas,streets and other hard surfaces.” (Yeang 2006, p. 450)InfiltrationInsolationLatent heat“The passing of water into the soil or into a drainage system.” (Science Dictionary,online) v“A contraction of ‘incoming solar radiation’, meaning the amount of solar energy on agiven area over a certain period of time. The total amount of solar radiation (direct,diffuese and reflected) striking a surface exposed to the sky. (...)” (Yeang 2006, p. 451)“The heat taken in or given out when a solid changes into a liquid or vapour, or when a liquidchanges into a vapour at a constant temperature and pressure.” (Science Dictionary, online)“Latent heat is the only form of the Earth’s surface reaching transformed solar radiation thatis not connected with increasing the temperatures” (Kravčík et al. 2007, p. 25).Local development plan, binding land-use plan“The binding land-use plan lays down legally binding rules for the development andorganisation of sections of the municipal territory. It is developed on the basis of thepreparatory land-use plan, but, unlike the latter, it creates direct rights and duties withregard to the utilisation of the sites within its purview. (…)” (BSR Glossaries, online)Long-wave radiation“Terrestrial radiation in the spectral range 4000 – 100 000 nm. It is irradiated by theatmosphere and the earth’s surface.” (ThiesClima, online)Mean Radiant Temperature (Tmrt)Is “a very important factor in the human energy balance, and can be calculated fromtwelve radiation sensors and correlates very well with perceived human comfort” (Matzarakiset al., 2007)“Where Qa is the total shortwave and thermal radiation absorbed by the human body (Wm -2 ), ε is the thermal emissivity (-) and σ is the Stefan Boltzmann constant (W m -2 K -4 ).Directional dependant weighing factors and shortwave radiation absorption coefficientsneed to be considered for calculating radiation load on a human.” (Heusinkveld et al.2010, p. 435)Glossary63
Mitigation “Measures taken to reduce adverse impacts on the environment” (Yeang 2006, p. 452)Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET)“An index used to describe the thermal situation of a person including the meteorologicalparameters Mean Radiant Temperature (Tmrt), Air Temperature (Ta), Wind Speed (v)and Vapor Pressure (RH). It ‘is defined as the air temperature at which, in a typicalindoor setting (without wind and solar radiation), the heat budget of the human body isbalanced with the same core and skin temperature as under the complex outdoor conditionsto be assessed.’” (Höppe 1999 in Katzschner 2010, p. 444-445)Orientation“The orientation of a surface is in degrees of variation away from solar south, towardseither the east or west.” (Yeang 2006, p. 453)Permeable “Having pores or openings that permit liquids or gases to pass through.” (Yeang 2006,p. 455)PollutantsPollutionPhotovoltaic (PV)RadiationRelative humidity“Any solid, liquid or gaseous matter that is in excess of natural levels of establishedstandards.” (Yeang 2006, p. 455)“Harmful substances deposit in the environment by the discharge of waste, leading to thecontamination of soil, water or the atmosphere.” (Yeang 2006, p. 455)“Capable of generating a voltage as a result of exposure to visible or other radiation.Solid-state cells (typically made from silicon) directly convert sun light to electricity.”(Yeang 2006, p. 454)“The process of heat transfer by means of electromagnetic waves. It is mainly dependenton surface temperatures of the body.” (Roche and Liggett 2000)“The ratio of the amount of water wapour in the atmosphere to the maximum amount ofwater vapour that could be held at a given temperature.” (Yeang 2006, p. 455)Retention basin “An area designed to retain run-off and prevent erosion and pollution” (Yeang 2006, p.458); and to serve for evaporation of the retained water into the adjacent atmosphere.Sensible heatSolar radiationIs “heat energy transferred between the surface and air when there is a difference intemperature between them”. (The Physical Environment, online: “Sensible Heat”.)“The energy-carrying electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun. This radiationcomprises many frequencies, each relating to a particular class of radiation: high-frequency/short-wavelenghtultraviolet; medium-frequency/medium-wavelenght visiblelight; low-frequency/high-wavelenght infrared. This radiation is relatively unimpendeduntil it reaches the earth’s atmosphere. Here some of it will be reflected back out of theatmosphere, some will be absorbed. That which reaches the earth’s surface unimpededis referred to as ‘direct’ solar radiation, That which is scattered by the atmosphere isreferred to as ‘diffuse’ solar radiation. The combination of direct and diffuse is called‘global’.” (Yeang 2006, p. 459)Sustainable development(for the purpose of this Thesis) An (urban) development that does not contribute toenvironmental degradation and climate change; or does in a very low extent.Short-wave radiation“Solar radiation in the spectral range 290 – 4000 nm. The radiation source is the sun,the solar radiation is absorbed to some extend in the atmosphere, and partly on theearth’s surface.” (ThiesClima, online)64Climate Sensitive Urban Design in Moderate Climate Zone: Responding to Future Heat Waves. Case Study Berlin Heidestrasse/Europacity
Page 1 and 2:
Master’s Thesis in Urban Design:C
Page 3 and 4:
ContentsAcknowledgements 5Abstract
Page 5 and 6:
4Climate Sensitive Urban Design in
Page 7 and 8:
Abstract Deutsch/GermanAusgehend vo
Page 9 and 10:
8Climate Sensitive Urban Design in
Page 11 and 12:
ing population 5 ) - more than a ha
Page 13 and 14: as the immense climatic effects of
Page 15 and 16: • Urban geometry: Tall buildings
Page 17 and 18: -°CFig. 11 Photographs of thin veg
Page 19 and 20: Fig. 14 Photograph of the square an
Page 21 and 22: the values of water balance of vari
Page 23 and 24: size, lower than in cities of North
Page 25 and 26: wave radiation towards the sky. In
Page 27 and 28: Impact of the street orientation on
Page 29 and 30: Emergingof fresh andcold air100-200
Page 31 and 32: a. b.On the other hand, a concave w
Page 33 and 34: a.b.-°C-°C50-300 m-°CNot only te
Page 35 and 36: 2.5 Literature review: Lessons lear
Page 37 and 38: 3 Climate-Sensitive Urban Design(CS
Page 39 and 40: ought in the section 3.4, are mainl
Page 41 and 42: 3.2 Proposed CSUD GuidelinesThe set
Page 43 and 44: effect of a water body reaches into
Page 45 and 46: the street);c. Option b) + some of
Page 47 and 48: • Reduce quantity of lanes, where
Page 49 and 50: 3.3 Examples of CSUD in built urban
Page 51 and 52: 3.4 Climate-Sensitive Urban Design
Page 53 and 54: a.The proposal features a number of
Page 55 and 56: Action category ‘Ventilation’Ve
Page 57 and 58: Fig. 91/P18 West-East (W-E) Section
Page 59 and 60: 4 ConclusionsBased on the need to a
Page 61 and 62: Complementing recommendations regar
Page 63: GlossaryAdiabatic coolingAlbedoAmbi
Page 67 and 68: SourcesBibliographyAgenda 21, onlin
Page 69 and 70: Matzarakis, A. (2001): “Die therm
Page 71 and 72: The Physical Environment, online:
Page 73 and 74: Fig. 25 The ‘sky view factor’ .
Page 75 and 76: Fig. 93Fig. 94Proposed street and c
Page 77 and 78: Appendices76Climate Sensitive Urban
Page 79 and 80: Type of landuseDirect impact and ef
Page 81 and 82: Appendix 2 City of Toronto’s Stud
Page 83 and 84: (BAF - Biotope Area Factor continue
Page 85 and 86: The building of the Institute of Ph
Page 87 and 88: Castello development, seen from Lan
Page 89 and 90: Bo01 seen from the 56th floor of th
Page 91 and 92: (Bo01, Malmöcontinued)Water is the
Page 93 and 94: Appendix 9 Posters Climate-Sensitiv
show all

Thesis document - Jana Milosovicova - Urban Design English

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?