Thesis document - Jana Milosovicova - Urban Design English

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Sky view factor (SVF)A parameter that expresses urban geometry. “For an unobstructed horizontal area theSVF is eqaul to 1.0. For a point surrounded by close and very high buildings, or for a verynarrow street, it may be about 0.1” (Oke, 1981 in Givoni, 1998, p. 252).Site Occupancy Index (SOI)“The ratio of the actual surface area of a plot to permissible coverage. It is expressed asa simple ratio of built surface area to site area.” (BSR Glossaries, online)Solar-friendly treeSolar radiationSpecific heat capacityStorage heatUrban canyonA deciduous tree that “provides enough shade in summer thanks to the moderatelydense foliage; it however also allows sufficient sunlight permeate through the barebranches in the colder months, because it has an open or thin branch density, loses itsleaves early in fall, has no seed pods or catkins in winter and leafs out later in spring.Good examples include certain ash species, Chinese hackberry, European hackberry,Chinese pistache, and sawleaf zelkova”. (Perry, online)“The solar radiation is the radiation of the sun. The maximum power of the electromagneticradiation is the visible light, however, comprises also other electro-magneticwaves from X-rays and UV- radiation up to radio waves.” (ThiesClima, online)Represents “the amount of energy required to raise 1 kg of a substance by 1°C, andcan be thought of as the ability of a substance to absorb heat. Therefore the SI unitsof specific heat capacity are kJ/kg K (kJ/kg°C). Water has a very large specific heatcapacity (4.19 kJ/kg°C) compared with many fluids and is therefore considered a goodheat carrier.” (EngineerToolBox)Energy absorbed by various materials (construction materials, pavement, soil, etc.),known as ‘storage heat’, expressed by the specific heat capacity (Sass, online).“Is an artefact of an urban environment similar to a natural canyon. It is manifested bystreets cutting through dense blocks of structures, especially skyscrapers, which causesa canyon effect.” (wikipedia)Urban Heat Island (UHI)“Means the difference in the air temperature between an urban area and its surroundingenvironment. The main occurrence of this effect is at night, when the surrounding ruralenvironment cools down much faster than the city, where the heat stored in the buildingmass and roads is only slowly released into the atmosphere” (Urbis Limited 2007, p.15). The UHI augmenting factors are evapotranspiration loss, urban geometry, anthropogenicheat waste and urban “greenhouse” effect.Water cycleWastewaterThe term “refers to the movement of water, in all three of its physical forms, through thevarious environmental compartments.” (Yeang 2006, p. 449)The spent or used water from individual homes, a community, a farm or an industry thatcontains dissolved or suspeded matter.” (Yeang 2006, p. 461)Glossary65
SourcesBibliographyAgenda 21, online: http://www.agenda21-treffpunkt.de/lexikon/WattJoule.htm. Accessed 23.11.2010Andritzky, M., Spitzer K. (1981): “Grün in der Stadt”, Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag, HamburgArens, E. A. (1982): “On considering pedestrian winds during building design.” In: Energy and Buildings, 4/1982, S. 71-76Banting, D. et al. (2005): Report on the Environmental Benefits and Costs of Green Roof Technology for the City of Toronto.www.toronto.ca/greenroofs/findings.htm. Accessed 5.10.2009Barlow, J. (2004): “Quantifying turbulent ventilation of heat and pollution from urban areas.“ Final Report summary ProjectGrant. http://gow.epsrc.ac.uk/ViewGrant.aspx?GrantRef=GR/S71798/01. Accessed 5.8.2010Blankenstein, S., Kuttler, W. (2004): “Impact of street geometry on downward longwave radiation and air temperature inan urban environment.” Meteorologische Zeitschrift 13, 373-379BSR Glossaries, online: http://commin.org/en/bsr-glossaries/national-glossaries/germany/bebauungsplan.htmlBundesinstitut für Bau-, Stadt- und Raumforschung, online: “Flächeninanspruchnahme 2005 bis 2008”. http://www.bbsr.bund.de/cln_016/nn_340582/BBSR/DE/Fachpolitiken/FlaecheLandschaft/Flaechenmonitoring/Fachbeitraege/Flaechenerhebung_202008/flaechenerhebung2008.html?__nnn=true. Accessed 2.7.2010City of Boulder, online: “Understanding Density and Floor Area ratio”. www.bouldercolorado.gov/files/PDS/planning%20and%20zoning/density_floorarearatio.pdf. Accessed 23.11.2010City of Chicago (2003): A Guide to Stormwater Best Management Practices.Earth Policy Institute (2006): “Setting the Record Straight: More than 52,000 Europeans Died from Heat in Summer 2003”by Larsen, J. http://www.earth-policy.org/index.php?/plan_b_updates/2006/update56. Accessed 23.7.2010Emmanuel, R. M. (2005): “An Urban Approach to Climate-Sensitive Design. Strategies for the tropics”. Spon Press USAand CanadaEngineerToolBox, online: www.engineeringtoolbox.com/specific-heat-solids-d_154.html. Accessed 17.11.2010EnvironmentAbout, online: “Heat Islands”. environment.about.com/od/globalwarmingandweather/a/heat_islands.htm. Accessed24.8.2009EnvironmentAbout – Larry West, online: environment.about.com/bio/Larry-West-16812.htm. Accessed 24.8.2009Environmental Atlas Berlin, online: http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/umwelt/umweltatlas/edua_index.shtml. Accessed11.11.2010Environmental Atlas Berlin – Rainwater (Umweltatlas Berlin – Regenwasser), online: http://www.berlin.de/sen/umwelt/wasser/regenwasser/index.shtm. Accessed 11.8.2010Environmental Atlas Berlin – Precipitation (Umweltatlas Berlin – Niederschlag), onlone: http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/umwelt/umweltatlas/ed408_04.htm.Accessed 11.8.2010Franke et al. (1977): “Stadtklima. Ergebnisse und Aspekte für die Stadtplanung.” Karl Krämer Verlag StuttgartFritsch, T. (1912): “Die Stadt der Zukunft.” Leipzig, 1896 and 1912Gartland, L. (2008): “Heat Islands. Understanding and Mitigating Heat in Urban Areas.“ Earthscan UK and USAGehl Architects (2007): “Public Spaces / Public Life Sydney”, for City of Sydney, 2007. www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/2030/theplan/. Accessed 10 June 2009Ghiaus, C., Allard, F., Santamouris, M., Georgakis, C., Roulet, C.-A., Germano, M., Tillenkamp, F., Heijmans, N., Nicol, F.,Maldonado, E., Almeida, M., Guaracino, G., Roche, L., online: “Natural Ventilation in Urban Areas – Results of the EuropeanProject URBVENT. Part 1: Urban Environment”. http://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/handle/1822/4966. Accessed22.7.2010Givoni, B. (1998): “Climate Considerations in Building and Urban Design”. Van Nostrand Reinhold New YorkGöbel, P., Stubbe, H., Weinert, M., Zimmermann, J., Fach, S., Diekers, C., Kories, H., Meßer, J., Mertsch, V., Geiger, W.F.& Coldewey, W. G. (2004): “Near-natural stormwater management and its effects on the water budget and groundwater66Climate Sensitive Urban Design in Moderate Climate Zone: Responding to Future Heat Waves. Case Study Berlin Heidestrasse/Europacity
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Master’s Thesis in Urban Design:C
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ContentsAcknowledgements 5Abstract
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4Climate Sensitive Urban Design in
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Abstract Deutsch/GermanAusgehend vo
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8Climate Sensitive Urban Design in
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ing population 5 ) - more than a ha
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as the immense climatic effects of
Page 15 and 16: • Urban geometry: Tall buildings
Page 17 and 18: -°CFig. 11 Photographs of thin veg
Page 19 and 20: Fig. 14 Photograph of the square an
Page 21 and 22: the values of water balance of vari
Page 23 and 24: size, lower than in cities of North
Page 25 and 26: wave radiation towards the sky. In
Page 27 and 28: Impact of the street orientation on
Page 29 and 30: Emergingof fresh andcold air100-200
Page 31 and 32: a. b.On the other hand, a concave w
Page 33 and 34: a.b.-°C-°C50-300 m-°CNot only te
Page 35 and 36: 2.5 Literature review: Lessons lear
Page 37 and 38: 3 Climate-Sensitive Urban Design(CS
Page 39 and 40: ought in the section 3.4, are mainl
Page 41 and 42: 3.2 Proposed CSUD GuidelinesThe set
Page 43 and 44: effect of a water body reaches into
Page 45 and 46: the street);c. Option b) + some of
Page 47 and 48: • Reduce quantity of lanes, where
Page 49 and 50: 3.3 Examples of CSUD in built urban
Page 51 and 52: 3.4 Climate-Sensitive Urban Design
Page 53 and 54: a.The proposal features a number of
Page 55 and 56: Action category ‘Ventilation’Ve
Page 57 and 58: Fig. 91/P18 West-East (W-E) Section
Page 59 and 60: 4 ConclusionsBased on the need to a
Page 61 and 62: Complementing recommendations regar
Page 63 and 64: GlossaryAdiabatic coolingAlbedoAmbi
Page 65: Mitigation “Measures taken to red
Page 69 and 70: Matzarakis, A. (2001): “Die therm
Page 71 and 72: The Physical Environment, online:
Page 73 and 74: Fig. 25 The ‘sky view factor’ .
Page 75 and 76: Fig. 93Fig. 94Proposed street and c
Page 77 and 78: Appendices76Climate Sensitive Urban
Page 79 and 80: Type of landuseDirect impact and ef
Page 81 and 82: Appendix 2 City of Toronto’s Stud
Page 83 and 84: (BAF - Biotope Area Factor continue
Page 85 and 86: The building of the Institute of Ph
Page 87 and 88: Castello development, seen from Lan
Page 89 and 90: Bo01 seen from the 56th floor of th
Page 91 and 92: (Bo01, Malmöcontinued)Water is the
Page 93 and 94: Appendix 9 Posters Climate-Sensitiv
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Thesis document - Jana Milosovicova - Urban Design English

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