Thesis document - Jana Milosovicova - Urban Design English

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Appendix 3 BAF - Biotope Area Factor 2Similar to the urban planning parameters used in development planning, such as the gross floor area, the site occupancyindex, and the floor space index, which regulate the dimensions of use structures, the BAF expresses thearea portion of a plot of land that serves as a location for plants or assumes other functions for the ecosystem. TheBAF can be established with binding force in landscape plans for selected, similarly structured parts of the city.The BAF covers urban forms of use - residential, commercial, and infrastructural - and formulates ecological minimumstandards for structural changes and new development. All potential green areas, such as courtyards, roofs,walls, and fire walls, are included in the BAF.The BAF expresses the ratio of the ecologically effective surface area to the total land area.BAF = ecologically-effective surface areas / total land areaIn this calculation, the individual parts of a plot of land are weighted according to their “ecological value”.Types of surfaces and weighting factors: (Surface types not mentioned can be calculated as long as they have apositive effect on the ecosystem)Weighting factor /per m² of surface typeDescription of surfacetypesWeighting factor /per m² of surface typeDescription of surfacetypesSealedsurfaces0.0Surface is impermeableto air and water andhas no plant growth(e.g., concrete, asphalt,slabs with a solid subbase)Surface is permeableSurfaceswith vegetation,connectedto soilbelow1.0Vegetation connectedto soil below, availablefor developmentof flora and faunaPartiallysealedsurfaces0.3to water and air; as arule, no plant growth(e.g., clinker brick,mosaic paving, slabswith a sand or gravelsubbase)Surface is permeable toRainwaterinfiltrationper m² ofroof area0.2Rainwater infiltrationfor replenishment ofgroundwater;infiltration oversurfaces with existingvegetationSemi-opensurfaces0.5Surfaceswith vegetation,unconnectedtosoil below0.5water and air; infiltration;plant growth(e.g., gravel with grasscoverage, wood-blockpaving, honeycombbrick with grass)Surfaces with vegetationon cellar covers orunderground garageswith less than 80 cm ofsoil coveringVerticalgreeneryup to amaximumof 10 m inheight0.5Greeneryon rooftop0.7Greenery coveringwalls and outer wallswith no windows;the actual height, upto 10 m, is taken intoaccountExtensive and intensivecoverage ofrooftop with greenerySurfaceswith veg-Surfaces with veg-etation,etation that have nouncon-connection to soil belownected tobut with more than 80soil belowcm of soil covering0.72 Abstracts from www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/umwelt/landschaftsplanung/bff/index_en.shtml (Accessed 19.9.2010)Appendices81
(BAF - Biotope Area Factor continued)The BAF values vary for the various development and use structures. For example, BAF for new residential areas is0.6, for commercial areas 0.3, for public facilities 0.6 (0.3 for schools).Calculation exampleEach plot of land can be designed in various ways. In principle, measures that lead to an expansion of the area ofvegetation on the ground are given priority. Only then should additional possibilities, such as the replacement ofasphalt and concrete with other surfaces, be utilized.Land area 479 m²Developed area 279 m²Undeveloped area 200 m²Degree of development 0.59The courtyard is mainly covered with asphalt. There is gravel with grass coverageon the periphery, and the tree stands in a soil bed that measures 1 m².Calculation: BAF Ground state140 m² Asphalt x 0.0 = 0 m²59 m² gravel with grass coverage x 0.5 = 30 m²1 m² open soil x 1.0 = 1 m²BAF = 31/479 = 0.06BAF target = 0.3Calculation PlanningBuilding a covered bicycle stand means that the portion of partially sealedsurfaces must be increased.It is therefore necessary to utilize roof and fire wall surfaces in order to achievethe required BAF.Calculation: BAF Planning21 m² concrete surface x 0.0 = 0.0 m²79 m² area covered by vegetation x 1.0 = 79.0 m²100 m² mosaic paving x 0.3 = 30.0 m²10 m² greenery covering walls x 0.5 = 5.0 m²41 m² greeneryx 0.7 = 29.0 m²covering rooftopBAF = 143/479 = 0.3Legal guidelinesIn Berlin, the BAF can be established primarily in landscape plans as an environmental planning parameter. Theinherent legally binding arrangements can be found in Berlin’s “Handbuch der Berliner Landschaftspläne” 3 . However,the BAF can also be utilized in all developed areas as a guideline for environmental measures. Consequently, siterelatedstandards are to be implemented for building projects in developed areas in order to achieve the goals of theprotection of nature and of landscape maintenance.3 www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/umwelt/landschaftsplanung/handbuch/de/biotopflaechenfaktor/index.shtml#nummer1182Climate Sensitive <strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Design</strong> in Moderate Climate Zone: Responding to Future Heat Waves. Case Study Berlin Heidestrasse/Europacity
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Master’s Thesis in Urban Design:C
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ContentsAcknowledgements 5Abstract
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4Climate Sensitive Urban Design in
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Abstract Deutsch/GermanAusgehend vo
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8Climate Sensitive Urban Design in
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ing population 5 ) - more than a ha
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as the immense climatic effects of
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• Urban geometry: Tall buildings
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-°CFig. 11 Photographs of thin veg
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Fig. 14 Photograph of the square an
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the values of water balance of vari
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size, lower than in cities of North
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wave radiation towards the sky. In
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Impact of the street orientation on
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Emergingof fresh andcold air100-200
Page 31 and 32: a. b.On the other hand, a concave w
Page 33 and 34: a.b.-°C-°C50-300 m-°CNot only te
Page 35 and 36: 2.5 Literature review: Lessons lear
Page 37 and 38: 3 Climate-Sensitive Urban Design(CS
Page 39 and 40: ought in the section 3.4, are mainl
Page 41 and 42: 3.2 Proposed CSUD GuidelinesThe set
Page 43 and 44: effect of a water body reaches into
Page 45 and 46: the street);c. Option b) + some of
Page 47 and 48: • Reduce quantity of lanes, where
Page 49 and 50: 3.3 Examples of CSUD in built urban
Page 51 and 52: 3.4 Climate-Sensitive Urban Design
Page 53 and 54: a.The proposal features a number of
Page 55 and 56: Action category ‘Ventilation’Ve
Page 57 and 58: Fig. 91/P18 West-East (W-E) Section
Page 59 and 60: 4 ConclusionsBased on the need to a
Page 61 and 62: Complementing recommendations regar
Page 63 and 64: GlossaryAdiabatic coolingAlbedoAmbi
Page 65 and 66: Mitigation “Measures taken to red
Page 67 and 68: SourcesBibliographyAgenda 21, onlin
Page 69 and 70: Matzarakis, A. (2001): “Die therm
Page 71 and 72: The Physical Environment, online:
Page 73 and 74: Fig. 25 The ‘sky view factor’ .
Page 75 and 76: Fig. 93Fig. 94Proposed street and c
Page 77 and 78: Appendices76Climate Sensitive Urban
Page 79 and 80: Type of landuseDirect impact and ef
Page 81: Appendix 2 City of Toronto’s Stud
Page 85 and 86: The building of the Institute of Ph
Page 87 and 88: Castello development, seen from Lan
Page 89 and 90: Bo01 seen from the 56th floor of th
Page 91 and 92: (Bo01, Malmöcontinued)Water is the
Page 93 and 94: Appendix 9 Posters Climate-Sensitiv
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Thesis document - Jana Milosovicova - Urban Design English

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