Thesis document - Jana Milosovicova - Urban Design English

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Appendix 1 Climatic effects of various urban land use categories(After Sukopp and Wittig 1998, p. 321-351, amended and completed)Type of landuseDirect impact and effects on climate,as well as the impact on water cycle,soils and vegetation (with consequencesfor climate)PrimaryclimaticfunctionMain CSUD action categories (for newdevelopments). 1Building areas with housing and/or commercial and mixed-use buildingsDensely builtupurban coresHighly influenced ventilation processes(regional winds don’t impinge in theiroriginal extent; however turbulences andstrong local winds possible on the streetlevel – depending on urban form, geometryand density); increased temperaturesdue to the concentration of human activitiesanthropogenic surface characteristicsof built areas; high levels of pollution(SO 2, dust). Almost total rate of soil sealing,very low vegetation to built structuresratio, very low evapotranspiration rate,almost all rainwater flows into sewerage.ImpactareaAim at mixed-use; keep the buildingdimensions down to the necessary extent;create small-scale open spaces for enhancinglocal ventilation conditions between thebuildings; create openings in buildings andbuilding blocks for the purpose of ventilation;green the roofs and façades to alleviatethe anthropogenic heat exhausts; usepermeable pavements, implement waterbasins, collect rainwater in water basinsan cisterns (on buildings if no space on thestreet level) and re-use it for green roofsand façade irrigation, for adiabatic cooling,for use in buildings.Closed urbanblock developmentsHighly influenced ventilation processes(mostly negatively, due to the closedblock structure), high temperatures, highlevels of pollution (SO 2, dust). Very highrate of soil sealing, low vegetation to builtstructures ratio, low evapotranspirationrate, high rate of rainwater flows intosewerage.ImpactareaCreate small-scale open spaces forenhancing local ventilation conditionsbetween the buildings; create openings inbuildings and building blocks for the purposeof ventilation; green the courtyardsand use permeable pavements; green theroofs and façades to alleviate the anthropogenicheat exhausts; collect rainwaterin water basins and cisterns (on buildingsif no space on the street level) and re-useit for green roofs and façade irrigation, foradiabatic cooling, for use in buildings.Exclusive residentialareas(villa quarters)If well greened-through, favourable microclimate,however lower population densityand thus likely to take over more landthan a denser urban form, with negativeconsequences for climate; to some extentretention of air pollutants, no significanttemperature increase due to greenery andsufficient ventilation. Variable rate of soilsealing; a balanced vegetation to builtstructures ratio and thus higher evaporationrate; considerable amount of rainwaterflows into sewerage unless collectedfor garden irrigation.Climateneutraleffect/ImpactareaGreen the courtyards and use permeablepaving; green the roofs and façades; implementwater bodies, collect rainwater inwater basins and re-use it for green roofsand façade irrigation, for adiabatic cooling,for use in buildings.Row houseresidentialareas withvast greenseparatorsThe greenery has mostly an undefinedopen space function, enabling windpenetration into the settlement – ventilationprovides microclimatically positiveenvironments; to some extent retention ofair pollutants.Climateneutraleffect/ImpactareaGreen the spaces between buildings and,where paving unavoidable, use permeablepaving; green the roofs and façades;implement water bodies; collect rainwaterand re-use it for green roofs and façadeirrigation, for adiabatic cooling, for use inbuildings.Appendices77
Type of landuseDirect impact and effects on climate,as well as the impact on water cycle,soils and vegetation (with consequencesfor climate)PrimaryclimaticfunctionMain CSUD action categories (for newdevelopments). 1Building areas with housing and/or commercial and mixed-use buildings (continued)Low-rise, detachedhousingareasFavourable microclimate, however havinglower population density and thus likely toconsume considerably more undevelopedland than a denser urban form, with obviousnegative consequences for climate.ImpactareaRise densities (preferably in the verticaldirection); green spaces between buildingsand, where paving unavoidable, usepermeable paving; green the roofs andfaçades; ; implement water bodies; collectrainwater and re-use it for green roofs andfaçade irrigation, for adiabatic cooling, foruse in buildings.Public buildingcomplexes(universities,research centres)Often situated in well-ventilated parklikecomplexes. Soil sealing rate dependson the exact purpose of the facility (e.g.research institutes may have more extensiveopen spaces for representativepurposes than universities, where a highfluctuation of students and thus higherrate of soil sealing might be needed);rainwater infiltration mostly on site, orinto rainwater basins that have environmentalas well as esthetical functions.ImpactareaAim at mixed-use; keep the buildingdimensions down to the necessary extent;green ospaces between buildings and,where paving unavoidable, use permeablepaving; green the roofs and façades;implement water bodies (on buildings ifno space on the street level) and collectrainwater and re-use it for green roofs andfaçade irrigation, for adiabatic cooling, foruse in buildings.Industrial areasAreas ofconcentratedcommerceand/or heavyindustryWaste artificial areas with very high ratioof non-permeable built surfaces (almost100% of all surfaces of buildings as wellas of spaces between them being sealed),usually well ventilated, however the heatemissions from buildings (emitted storageheat) and from anthropogenic activitiesconsiderably high.ImpactareaGreen of spaces between buildings anduse permeable paving when no danger ofthe pollution of soils; green the roofs andfaçades; collect rainwater and re-use it forgreen roofs and façade irrigation, for adiabaticcooling, for use in buildings.Traffic areas and road infrastructureMain roadsAlthough frequently accompanied byrobust vegetation, negative effects stillprevail: dispersion of air pollutants, 100%sealed surfaces, salts impinging into thesoils.ImpactareaRaise the albedo of the road surface, planthigh tree vegetation and involve vegetatedfilter strips for the catchment of pollutantsaccompanying the roads; for its coolingeffect, use the collected, filtered rainwaterfor road irrigation.Railway areasCool air transporting effects; extremeheating up on hot sunny days if darkmaterials (crushed stone or clinker) used;mostly accommodating random ruderalvegetation that in a little extent contributesto fresh air production.CompensationareaUse light coloured stone materials; connectwith adjacent built-up areas throughventilation lanes to take the highest advantageof the ventilation.1 The fields of actions vary for every category; although there are common built form arrangements than need to be considered for everyurban situation, as pointed out in section 2.2 “Basic energy, heat and water cycle characteristics”.78Climate Sensitive <strong>Urban</strong> <strong>Design</strong> in Moderate Climate Zone: Responding to Future Heat Waves. Case Study Berlin Heidestrasse/Europacity
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Master’s Thesis in Urban Design:C
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ContentsAcknowledgements 5Abstract
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4Climate Sensitive Urban Design in
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Abstract Deutsch/GermanAusgehend vo
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8Climate Sensitive Urban Design in
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ing population 5 ) - more than a ha
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as the immense climatic effects of
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• Urban geometry: Tall buildings
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-°CFig. 11 Photographs of thin veg
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Fig. 14 Photograph of the square an
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the values of water balance of vari
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size, lower than in cities of North
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wave radiation towards the sky. In
Page 27 and 28: Impact of the street orientation on
Page 29 and 30: Emergingof fresh andcold air100-200
Page 31 and 32: a. b.On the other hand, a concave w
Page 33 and 34: a.b.-°C-°C50-300 m-°CNot only te
Page 35 and 36: 2.5 Literature review: Lessons lear
Page 37 and 38: 3 Climate-Sensitive Urban Design(CS
Page 39 and 40: ought in the section 3.4, are mainl
Page 41 and 42: 3.2 Proposed CSUD GuidelinesThe set
Page 43 and 44: effect of a water body reaches into
Page 45 and 46: the street);c. Option b) + some of
Page 47 and 48: • Reduce quantity of lanes, where
Page 49 and 50: 3.3 Examples of CSUD in built urban
Page 51 and 52: 3.4 Climate-Sensitive Urban Design
Page 53 and 54: a.The proposal features a number of
Page 55 and 56: Action category ‘Ventilation’Ve
Page 57 and 58: Fig. 91/P18 West-East (W-E) Section
Page 59 and 60: 4 ConclusionsBased on the need to a
Page 61 and 62: Complementing recommendations regar
Page 63 and 64: GlossaryAdiabatic coolingAlbedoAmbi
Page 65 and 66: Mitigation “Measures taken to red
Page 67 and 68: SourcesBibliographyAgenda 21, onlin
Page 69 and 70: Matzarakis, A. (2001): “Die therm
Page 71 and 72: The Physical Environment, online:
Page 73 and 74: Fig. 25 The ‘sky view factor’ .
Page 75 and 76: Fig. 93Fig. 94Proposed street and c
Page 77: Appendices76Climate Sensitive Urban
Page 81 and 82: Appendix 2 City of Toronto’s Stud
Page 83 and 84: (BAF - Biotope Area Factor continue
Page 85 and 86: The building of the Institute of Ph
Page 87 and 88: Castello development, seen from Lan
Page 89 and 90: Bo01 seen from the 56th floor of th
Page 91 and 92: (Bo01, Malmöcontinued)Water is the
Page 93 and 94: Appendix 9 Posters Climate-Sensitiv
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Thesis document - Jana Milosovicova - Urban Design English

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