Thesis document - Jana Milosovicova - Urban Design English

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Type of landuseDirect impact and effects on climate,as well as the impact on water cycle,soils and vegetation (with consequencesfor climate)PrimaryclimaticfunctionMain CSUD action categories (for newdevelopments).Parks and open spacesParks andopen spaceswith highpresence ofgreeneryFavourable microclimate, retention of airpollutants. The higher presence of treesand larger vegetation, the more effectivealleviation of the temperature extremesand the higher pollutant trapping (andthus more effective fresh air production).Wind speed low due to the considerableroughness, therefore better for fresh airproduction than for air transport.CompensationareaSituate parks close to residential and commercialareas so that these can profit fromthe favourable climatic conditions; wherepaving unavoidable, use permeable pavingmaterials; incorporate water bodies.Grassy openspaces withlow vegetationNot as effective in fresh air production asforest-like areas, however excellent ventilationcapabilities (transport of fresh andcool air into built-up areas, while capturingof pollutants).Compensationarea/ventilationchannelIncorporate these greened ventilationchannels thoughtfully in emerging urbanareas.Plazas, urbanopen spacesVentilation function, but also high surfaceheating due to impervious paving.ImpactareaKeep the level of surface paving down tominimum; where paving unavoidable, useopermeable and light (high albedo) pavingmaterials, catch rainwater in water elementswith opened evaporative surface;shade through vegetation (trees, pergolas)to lower the solar radiation absorption andstorage.Sport complexesVentilation function, but also high surfaceheating due to impervious paving.ImpactareaKeep the levels of surface paving down tominimum; where paving unavoidable, usepermeable and light (high albedo) pavingmaterials, catch rainwater catchment elementswith opened evaporativee surface.Water bodiesRivers, standingwater,artificial basinsand designelementsAttenuation of temperature extremes,strong humidity producer, linear waterbodies are excellent for ventilation (coolair transport); smaller bodies moisten themicroclimate thanks to evaporation.Compensationarea/ventilationchannelEnlarge the water area to enlarge theevaporative water surface; avoid streamenclosure; avoid walls preventing ventilation(cooling winds) impinging intoadjacent urban areas, enlarge the riparian,vegetated areas at the water’s edge.ΔT (°C)Δr.F.65432100-10-203040Area 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14Difference in Temperatures ΔT (°C) and relative Air HumidityΔr.F. in different land use types, measured in Berlin atnight (Sukopp and Wittig 1998, p. 319):1. Urban core 2. Urban block typology 3. Suburbian highrisehousing and mixed use built construction 4. Rowhousing 5. Detached housing 6. Village 7. High-rise housingfrom the 60s and 70s 8. Industry and commerce with>85% impervious surface 9. Industry and commerce with50ha 13. allotment gardens 14. Woods and forestsAppendices79
Appendix 2 City of Toronto’s Study on Green Roof Benefits“Report on the Environmental Benefits and Costs of Green Roof Technology forthe City of Toronto” 1To determine the citywide benefits of green roofs, the study team calculated that approximately 5,000 hectares ofroof area is available for green roofs in the City of Toronto. The study findings, related to UHI effects, to climatechange, and to related costs, were divided into following cetegories:Stormwater runoff3• Reduction in stormwater flow of 12 million m per year (Capital expenditure reductions between 0.6 – 3.4%in stormwater treatment were estimated in case of capturing the rainfall through green roofs) / Infrastructuresavings worth between $2.8 and $79 millionEnergy consumption• Citywide savings from reduced energy for cooling is $21 million, equivalent to 4.15 KWh/m² per year• Cost avoided due to reduced demand at peak times is $68 millionUrban Heat Island effect• Widespread greening of Toronto’s roof would reduce local ambient temperature from 0.5 to 2°C• Citywide savings from reduced energy for cooling of $12 million, equivalent to 2.37 kWh/m² per year• Cost avoided due to reduced demand at peak times of $80 millionAir quality and emissions• Reduction in levels of CO, NO , O , PM , SO and in CO emissions2 3 10 2 2Building level benefits• Energy savings from better solar reflectivity, evapotranspiration and insulation• Green roofs last up to twice as long as regular roofsA detailed derivation of economic benefits from green roofs was made, in which many factors, individual costs andbenefits were taken into account, such as:• Urban heat island: Lowering temperatures by up to 0.8°C thus reducing energy demand in summerby up to 10%.• Energy costs savings: Saving on cooling costs estimated by approx. 15%, by green roof annual energy savings ata value between $2,500 and $12,500. These savings could significantly decrease the installation costs of greenroofs. It however needs to be noted that cooling cost savings due to green roofs in well insulated buildings witharound 2% is negligible (Emmanuel 2005, p. 41).• Discount rate applied to future costs and benefits; a range of 0-2% for climate change was used.• Air pollution and greenhouse gas effects: Significant reductions of airborne particulate matter and other airpollutants (valued at 10 – 30% reductions of particulate matter).• Food production on rooftops: Local food production has an impact on energy use related to the transportation offood and the availability of locally produced fresh food. (It is assumed that the value of food production is $1.07per m².)The Toronto example proves the wide-reaching benefits for the whole city, once the green infrastructure proposalshave been set into motion and implemented on a city-wide scale.1 Banting et al. 2005; Abstract80Climate Sensitive Urban Design in Moderate Climate Zone: Responding to Future Heat Waves. Case Study Berlin Heidestrasse/Europacity
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Master’s Thesis in Urban Design:C
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ContentsAcknowledgements 5Abstract
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4Climate Sensitive Urban Design in
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Abstract Deutsch/GermanAusgehend vo
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8Climate Sensitive Urban Design in
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ing population 5 ) - more than a ha
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as the immense climatic effects of
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• Urban geometry: Tall buildings
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-°CFig. 11 Photographs of thin veg
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Fig. 14 Photograph of the square an
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the values of water balance of vari
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size, lower than in cities of North
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wave radiation towards the sky. In
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Impact of the street orientation on
Page 29 and 30: Emergingof fresh andcold air100-200
Page 31 and 32: a. b.On the other hand, a concave w
Page 33 and 34: a.b.-°C-°C50-300 m-°CNot only te
Page 35 and 36: 2.5 Literature review: Lessons lear
Page 37 and 38: 3 Climate-Sensitive Urban Design(CS
Page 39 and 40: ought in the section 3.4, are mainl
Page 41 and 42: 3.2 Proposed CSUD GuidelinesThe set
Page 43 and 44: effect of a water body reaches into
Page 45 and 46: the street);c. Option b) + some of
Page 47 and 48: • Reduce quantity of lanes, where
Page 49 and 50: 3.3 Examples of CSUD in built urban
Page 51 and 52: 3.4 Climate-Sensitive Urban Design
Page 53 and 54: a.The proposal features a number of
Page 55 and 56: Action category ‘Ventilation’Ve
Page 57 and 58: Fig. 91/P18 West-East (W-E) Section
Page 59 and 60: 4 ConclusionsBased on the need to a
Page 61 and 62: Complementing recommendations regar
Page 63 and 64: GlossaryAdiabatic coolingAlbedoAmbi
Page 65 and 66: Mitigation “Measures taken to red
Page 67 and 68: SourcesBibliographyAgenda 21, onlin
Page 69 and 70: Matzarakis, A. (2001): “Die therm
Page 71 and 72: The Physical Environment, online:
Page 73 and 74: Fig. 25 The ‘sky view factor’ .
Page 75 and 76: Fig. 93Fig. 94Proposed street and c
Page 77 and 78: Appendices76Climate Sensitive Urban
Page 79: Type of landuseDirect impact and ef
Page 83 and 84: (BAF - Biotope Area Factor continue
Page 85 and 86: The building of the Institute of Ph
Page 87 and 88: Castello development, seen from Lan
Page 89 and 90: Bo01 seen from the 56th floor of th
Page 91 and 92: (Bo01, Malmöcontinued)Water is the
Page 93 and 94: Appendix 9 Posters Climate-Sensitiv
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Thesis document - Jana Milosovicova - Urban Design English

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