Offshore Electricity Infrastructure in Europe - European Wind Energy ...

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4. Case-independent model During the course of the study it became apparent that the appropriate wind farm connection design is very sensitive to the specific cases under investigation: distances to shore, wind farm capacities, price profile differences between the countries, etc. The results of the specific cases are useful but general conclusions are necessary for the optimal offshore grid design and also for clear recommendations, which is one central goals of the OffshoreGrid study. A case-independent model was therefore developed with inputs from the infrastructure model and the power system model. It allows developing general offshore grid design rules, which are then validated with the results of the specific cases of the model. In the following sections, the key features of each of the mentioned models are described. C.I Wind power time series model Since on- and offshore wind power production is a crucial element in designing an offshore grid, OffshoreGrid builds on high-resolution time series of wind speed and power output of onshore- and offshore wind farms which served as input for the modelling power flows and power markets. For all single offshore wind farm locations of the input scenario, synchronous hourly time series of historical wind speed were calculated with a high-resolution weather model. These are then transformed into wind power production time series by using special power curves. The applied Weather Research and Forecasting Model WRF [1] is a meso-scale numerical weather prediction model, able to simulate the atmospheric conditions across a wide range of horizontal resolutions from 100 km down to 1 km. The data input for WRF is provided by 6-hourly global weather analysis data 59 . The WRF-simulations dynamically downscale the weather analysis data from six-hourly resolution on a horizontal grid of 1° by 1° to one-hourly data on a 9x9 km² grid 60 . 59 In this case: FNL Final Analysis from the United States’ National Centre for Environmental Prediction (NCEP). 60 In geographical coordinates, 1° corresponds approximately to 50-111 km. OffshoreGrid – Final Report FiGuRe 12.2: GeOGRaphical dOmains FOR the wRFsimulatiOn as used in the OFFshOReGRid pROject The region of the Northern European waters is modelled with a higher spatial resolution than the remainder of Europe (see Figure 12.2): • Europe north of the Alps: 9 x 9 km² (including offshore regions in focus) • Europe south of latitude 48°N: 27 x 27 km² The wind speed time series were calculated for all relevant hub heights of turbines in today’s and future offshore and onshore wind farms. Special attention was paid to the vertical wind speed profiles in different thermal stratifications of the local atmospheric flow, which were modelled with an improved, so called MYJ-Scheme for the atmospheric Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) [7]. The model output is validated with real wind speed data at different heights, i.e. measurements from the German offshore platform FINO-1 [6]. Previous simulations with similar model settings were also checked with other meteorological observations, e.g. the met mast Östergarnsholm in the Baltic Sea. The model proved to be accurate and robust. After the WRF model runs were performed and validated, the wind speed time series at more than 350 offshore sites and 16,000 onshore grid points as defined in the scenarios and models were determined. 119
Annex c – details on the Methodology and Models The wind speed time series were transformed to wind power with different types of power curve models for both onshore and offshore wind farms: • For the identified offshore wind farms, aggregated wind farm power curves were derived by applying wind farm wake effects 61 to Multi-Mega-Watt power curves of future offshore turbines [9][10][11]. • In order to calculate the regional onshore power time series, the refined power curve model developed in the TradeWind project [2] is applied. The time series reflect many relevant meteorological events, such as movements of storm fronts across large areas or large-scale calms. The dataset enables the evaluation of the implications of such events on the output of wind farms across a region, countrywide and for large offshore areas. More information on this model can be found in the deliverable 3.2b [25]. FiGuRe 12.3: OFFshOReGRid zOnes in the euROpean GRid mOdel FOR the hub base case 2030 61 The wind that passes a wind turbine rotor is heavily impacted by the rotational force of the rotor. The area of influenced wind is called the wake of the wind turbine. When there are other wind turbines in this wake, their output is reduced. This is called the wake effect. The modelling of these effects is an important field of research. 120 OffshoreGrid – Final Report
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OffshoreGrid: Offshore Electricity
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PRINcIPAl AUThORS: Jan De Decker, P
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Table of contents FOREWORd 6 EXEcUT
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FOREWORD The OffshoreGrid project i
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Executive Summary I. The OffshoreGr
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Executive Summary and TYNDP interco
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Executive Summary One of the keys t
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Executive Summary Splitting wind fa
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Executive Summary 16 OffshoreGrid -
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introduction 1.1 Context and backgr
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introduction TAblE 1.1: STAkEhOldER
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Key Assumptions and Scenarios In th
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Key Assumptions and Scenarios FIGUR
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Key Assumptions and Scenarios Curre
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Methodology - Simulation inputs and
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Methodology - Simulation inputs and
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esults This chapter explains and su
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esults (figure to the right) in Nor
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esults 4.2.1 Hubs and individual co
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esults The Baltic Sea is still a ra
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esults connections to shore where t
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esults 4.2.4 Conclusion and discuss
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esults and NordSee Ost Group into t
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esults 1986 (the Cross Channel link
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esults UK-Germany connection are re
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esults tee-in solution becomes pref
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esults • Large wind farms (capaci
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esults • Very large wind farm hub
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esults • A three-leg interconnect
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esults 4.5 Overall grid design 4.5.
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esults connectors that were benefic
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esults connections were tested in m
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esults existing HVDC converters at
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esults direct and integrated) ident
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Page 75 and 76: esults Overall design comparison Fi
Page 77 and 78: esults • Costs and benefits of th
Page 79 and 80: esults • There are other connecti
Page 81 and 82: esults These merits also hold for t
Page 83 and 84: Towards an Offshore Grid - Further
Page 91 and 92: conclusions and recommendations The
Page 93 and 94: conclusions and recommendations •
Page 95 and 96: conclusions and recommendations •
Page 97 and 98: conclusions and recommendations 6.5
Page 99 and 100: conclusions and recommendations 98
Page 101 and 102: Acknowledgements and Funding The Of
Page 103 and 104: eferences [1] Weather Research and
Page 105 and 106: eferences [47] Observatoire Médite
Page 107 and 108: Annex A - Scenario details A.I Offs
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Page 111 and 112: Annex A - Scenario details 2008 sce
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Page 115 and 116: Annex B -technology Assumptions B.I
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Page 119: Annex c - details on Methodology an
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Page 129 and 130: Annex d - details of results D.I Wi
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Page 139 and 140: Annex d - details of results table
Page 141 and 142: Annex d - details of results table
Page 143 and 144: Annexes coal and gas, there is a de
Page 145 and 146: Annex e - regulatory Frameworks and
Page 147 and 148: Annex F - transfer to the Mediterra
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