Offshore Electricity Infrastructure in Europe - European Wind Energy ...

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In particular, the development of appropriate harbour infrastructure and the number of laying vessels or ships capable of transporting offshore wind turbines are significant bottlenecks for an offshore grid. Supply bottlenecks are regarded by the OffshoreGrid consortium as a medium barrier for an offshore grid. 5.2 Ongoing initiatives – policy – industry First of all it has to be highlighted that apart from OffshoreGrid, there are few studies that analysed cost and benefits of an offshore grid. • The PhD thesis by Gregor Czish [34] and the European IEE-funded project TradeWind [36] have briefly looked into the issue. Both studies outline first analysis, but no specific research was carried out. • Greenpeace has developed a map of a possible offshore grid [35]. If it were to be built with 6,200 km of offshore electricity cables, the cost is estimated at about €15-20 bn. • In February 2011, ENTSO-E published its views on offshore grid development in the North Seas [45]. Its initial view is that an integrated approach can deliver capital savings in the order of 10%. • The initiative ‘Friends of the Supergrid’ has published a position paper on a first phase of the supergrid [44]. The design is based on connecting 23 GW of offshore wind from the Firth-of-Forth, Dogger-Hornsea, Norfolk Bank, German and Belgian Offshore clusters using technology expected to be available between 2015 and 2020. FOSG emphasises the need to connect to the large energy storage facilities in Norway. According to their estimates, the grid tariffs will need to rise by €0.0023 per kWh to recover the costs. The OffshoreGrid study is clearly needed to advance the discussion and provide input for policy and industry discussion. Some of the ongoing initiatives are mentioned below. OffshoreGrid – Final Report Policy initiatives Since 2009 the analysis of an offshore grid is a focus of attention on a European and national policy level. One of the European Commission’s goals is to design a single integrated European market for electricity. An offshore grid in Northern Europe, interconnecting offshore wind and national power systems, is seen as vital in achieving this goal. The European Commission thus took a leading role by fostering discussion in different working groups. They also provide funding for a variety of projects to investigate relevant questions, such as optimal grid design (OffshoreGrid), questions concerning offshore wind potential (WindSpeed, [37]) and maritime spatial planning (Seanergy 2020, [38]). Within the framework of the Trans-European Energy Networks for Electricity (TEN-E), a coordinator has been assigned to coordinate all activities related to Baltic and North Sea offshore wind connections. The coordinator, Mr. Adamowitsch, has started a well- frequented working group with regular meetings in which research, industry and policy representatives discuss barriers, challenges and solutions for a future offshore grid. The OffshoreGrid consortium actively follows this working group and provides input and presentations. Furthermore, at the end of 2010, a new infrastructure package has been published by the European Commission. It involves a Communication on offshore grids [23], and sets the framework for further policy actions. In the Communication, the Commission defines 8 EU priority corridors for the transport of electricity, gas and oil. One of these priority corridors is an offshore grid in the Northern Seas. The OffshoreGrid consortium actively supported the European Commission in the policy making process. Specific questions were studied upon request and new results were exchanged proactively. The text and recommendations in [23] are based on the OffshoreGrid Draft Final Report [27]. There is also movement on the regional level. What originally started in the Pentalateral Energy Forum (Governments, TSO’s and regulators of BE, FR, NL, LU 87
Towards an Offshore Grid – Further considerations and DE) under the initiative of the Belgian Minister of Energy, has evolved into a political initiative with all ten countries around the North and Irish Sea (BE, FR, NL, LU, DE, UK, IR, DK, SE and NO). The North Seas Countries’ Offshore Grid Initiative (NSCOGI) aims at coordinating, on a multilateral level, offshore wind and infrastructure developments in the North Sea. It is more specifically targeted at achieving a common political and regulatory basis on offshore infrastructure development within the region. A common Memorandum of Understanding between all parties has been signed at the end of 2010 [39]. Much is expected from this initiative for the facilitation of real developments. In this framework, TSOs will carry out a cost-benefit analysis by December 2012. The OffshoreGrid consortium is in regular contact with Working Group 1 of the NSCOGI on Grid Configuration. The preliminary outcomes have been presented to this working group, and a session on the final results will be held in October 2011. Industry level As imposed by law under the Third Legislative Package on European Electricity and Gas Markets [40], European Transmission Grid Operators (TSOs) for electricity have united under ENTSO-E [41]. This organisation improves cooperation across national borders, and is thus crucial for the development of offshore electricity grids. Within ENTSO-E, two working groups are relevant in this respect: • Regional Working Group North Sea under the System Development Committee, • WG 2050/Supergrid under the System Development Committee. The regulators cooperate voluntarily via the Council of European Energy Regulators (CEER). A key objective of the CEER is to facilitate the creation of a single, competitive, efficient and sustainable EU internal energy market that works in the public interest. The European Regulators’ Group for Electricity and Gas (ERGEG) was set up by the European Commission in 2003 as its advisory body on internal energy market issues. ERGEG launched 7 Electricity Regional Initiatives (ERI, [9]), with the aim to speed up the integration of Europe’s national electricity markets. Under the European Commission’s Third Package [40], all European regulators are now united in the Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators (ACER, dissolving ERGEG). ACER was created in 2010, as imposed by the 3rd package, to fill the regulatory gap on cross-border issues and should oversee the cooperation between the TSOs. Although there are various challenges to face on regulatory level (cost allocation and profit margins, compatibility in renewable energy support, etc.), action on offshore grid issues on the regulator’s side is currently very limited. Finally, the initiative ‘The Friends of the Supergrid (FOSG)’ [42] combines companies in sectors that will deliver the HVDC infrastructure and related technology with companies that will develop, install, own and operate that infrastructure. They have joined because of a mutual interest in promoting and influencing the regulatory and policy framework that is required to enable large-scale interconnection in Europe. 88 OffshoreGrid – Final Report
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OffshoreGrid: Offshore Electricity
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PRINcIPAl AUThORS: Jan De Decker, P
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Table of contents FOREWORd 6 EXEcUT
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FOREWORD The OffshoreGrid project i
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Executive Summary I. The OffshoreGr
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Executive Summary and TYNDP interco
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Executive Summary One of the keys t
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Executive Summary Splitting wind fa
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Executive Summary 16 OffshoreGrid -
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introduction 1.1 Context and backgr
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introduction TAblE 1.1: STAkEhOldER
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Key Assumptions and Scenarios In th
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Key Assumptions and Scenarios FIGUR
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Key Assumptions and Scenarios Curre
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Methodology - Simulation inputs and
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Methodology - Simulation inputs and
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esults This chapter explains and su
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esults (figure to the right) in Nor
Page 37 and 38: esults 4.2.1 Hubs and individual co
Page 39 and 40: esults The Baltic Sea is still a ra
Page 41 and 42: esults connections to shore where t
Page 43 and 44: esults 4.2.4 Conclusion and discuss
Page 45 and 46: esults and NordSee Ost Group into t
Page 47 and 48: esults 1986 (the Cross Channel link
Page 49 and 50: esults UK-Germany connection are re
Page 51 and 52: esults tee-in solution becomes pref
Page 53 and 54: esults • Large wind farms (capaci
Page 55 and 56: esults • Very large wind farm hub
Page 57 and 58: esults • A three-leg interconnect
Page 59 and 60: esults 4.5 Overall grid design 4.5.
Page 61 and 62: esults connectors that were benefic
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Page 71 and 72: esults FIGURE 4.31: cOMPARISON OF c
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Page 75 and 76: esults Overall design comparison Fi
Page 77 and 78: esults • Costs and benefits of th
Page 79 and 80: esults • There are other connecti
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Page 83 and 84: Towards an Offshore Grid - Further
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Page 87: Towards an Offshore Grid - Further
Page 91 and 92: conclusions and recommendations The
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Page 97 and 98: conclusions and recommendations 6.5
Page 99 and 100: conclusions and recommendations 98
Page 101 and 102: Acknowledgements and Funding The Of
Page 103 and 104: eferences [1] Weather Research and
Page 105 and 106: eferences [47] Observatoire Médite
Page 107 and 108: Annex A - Scenario details A.I Offs
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Annex d - details of results table
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Annex d - details of results table
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Annexes coal and gas, there is a de
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Annex e - regulatory Frameworks and
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Annex F - transfer to the Mediterra
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