Offshore Electricity Infrastructure in Europe - European Wind Energy ...

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D.II.II Sensitivity analysis on the benefit of hub-to-hub solutions Impact of interconnector capacity For wind farm capacities which are smaller than the interconnector capacity, the wind farm connections are the constraining factor for the trade. Increasing the OffshoreGrid – Final Report interconnector capacity further only leads to additional infrastructure costs and thus lowers the maximum beneficial distance between hubs (Figure 13.10). Impact of distance between countries (direct interconnection length) The larger the distance between two countries (and thus the larger the direct interconnector length to FiGuRe 13.11: maximum distance between hubs FOR diFFeRent diRect inteRcOnnectOR lenGths [km] (inteRcOnnectOR capacity OF 500 mw, aveRaGe absOlute pRice diFFeRence OF €5, unbalanced FlOw with 30% OF pRice diFFeRence FlOwinG tOwaRds One cOuntRy) Minimum distance between hubs (km) 1,000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 100 km 200 km 700 800 900 1,000 1,100 1,200 Wind farm capacity (MW) 400 km 1,300 600 km 1,400 - 1,500 1,600 800 km 1,700 1,800 1,900 2,000 1,000 km FiGuRe 13.12: maximum distance between hubs FOR diFFeRent wF capacities and seveRal aveRaGe absOlute pRice diFFeRences [€/mwh] (inteRcOnnectOR capacity OF 500 mw, diRect inteRcOnnectOR OF 500 km, unbalanced FlOw with 30% OF pRice diFFeRence FlOwinG tOwaRds One cOuntRy) Minimum distance between hubs (km) 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 100 200 300 400 5 7,5 500 600 10 700 800 900 1,000 1,100 1,200 1,300 1,400 Wind farm hub capacity (on either side) (MW) 15 20 1,500 1,600 1,700 1,800 1,900 2,000 135
Annex d – details of results FiGuRe 13.13: maximum distance between hubs FOR asymmetRic wind FaRm hubs capacity - diFFeRent pROFiles OF pRice diFFeRence (30% tO cOuntRy a, 50% tO eitheR cOuntRy, and 70% tO cOuntRy b) [€/mwh] (inteRcOnnectOR capacity OF 500 mw, wind FaRm capacity in cOuntRy 2 is twice the size OF the wind FaRm in cOuntRy a) Minimum distance between hubs (km) 400 300 200 100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000 30% 50% which is compared), the more infrastructure costs will be saved by interconnecting hubs. The maximum beneficial distance between hubs therefore increases with increasing direct interconnector length (Figure 13.11). Impact of absolute price difference The higher the absolute price difference between the countries, the more the trade of electricity becomes important and the less the interconnector cable should be constrained. For higher absolute price differences, the reduction in infrastructure costs due to the reduced cable length must be higher to cover the reduction in system benefits. The maximum distance between hubs in these cases is therefore lower (Figure 13.12). Electricity price profiles and wind-price correlations • Unbalanced price profiles have no impact If the price difference is not balanced, which here means that the price is most of the time (>50% of the time) lower in one country, one of the legs (the one connecting the country with lower prices) is not often loaded and infrastructure remains unused (the leg connecting the country with lower prices). However, as the constraints on the cables are independent on the direction of the price difference Wind farm hub capacity (on either side) (MW) 70% when the cable capacities are identical, this has no effect on the break—even distance. The constraints can be partly relieved by dimensioning one leg bigger and the other leg smaller. • Correlation between wind and price imbalance increases the impact. • As before with the tee-in solutions (paragraph 4.4.1), a correlation between the wind power production and the price imbalance has a negative effect on the economics of integrated solutions compared to the business as usual case. Similarly, an inverse correlation has a positive effect. Impact of asymmetric wind farm hub capacities In Figure 13.13 the effect of asymmetric wind farm hub capacities is analysed. The wind farm hub in country A is 50% smaller than the wind farm hub in country B. The wind farm connection cable in country B is thus double the size of the connection cable in country A so that wind power from both hubs can flow to the country with the highest prices most of the time (country B). Figure 13.13 confirms that when prices are more often higher in country B (30% of price difference balanced to country A), the trade is less constrained which leads to a higher maximum distance between hubs. 136 OffshoreGrid – Final Report
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OffshoreGrid: Offshore Electricity
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PRINcIPAl AUThORS: Jan De Decker, P
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Table of contents FOREWORd 6 EXEcUT
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FOREWORD The OffshoreGrid project i
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Executive Summary I. The OffshoreGr
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Executive Summary and TYNDP interco
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Executive Summary One of the keys t
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Executive Summary Splitting wind fa
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Executive Summary 16 OffshoreGrid -
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introduction 1.1 Context and backgr
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introduction TAblE 1.1: STAkEhOldER
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Key Assumptions and Scenarios In th
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Key Assumptions and Scenarios FIGUR
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Key Assumptions and Scenarios Curre
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Methodology - Simulation inputs and
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Methodology - Simulation inputs and
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esults This chapter explains and su
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esults (figure to the right) in Nor
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esults 4.2.1 Hubs and individual co
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esults The Baltic Sea is still a ra
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esults connections to shore where t
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esults 4.2.4 Conclusion and discuss
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esults and NordSee Ost Group into t
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esults 1986 (the Cross Channel link
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esults UK-Germany connection are re
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esults tee-in solution becomes pref
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esults • Large wind farms (capaci
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esults • Very large wind farm hub
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esults • A three-leg interconnect
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esults 4.5 Overall grid design 4.5.
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esults connectors that were benefic
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esults connections were tested in m
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esults existing HVDC converters at
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esults direct and integrated) ident
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esults configuration were rated dif
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esults FIGURE 4.31: cOMPARISON OF c
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esults farm connections, the reduct
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esults Overall design comparison Fi
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esults • Costs and benefits of th
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esults • There are other connecti
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esults These merits also hold for t
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Towards an Offshore Grid - Further
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Page 91 and 92: conclusions and recommendations The
Page 93 and 94: conclusions and recommendations •
Page 95 and 96: conclusions and recommendations •
Page 97 and 98: conclusions and recommendations 6.5
Page 99 and 100: conclusions and recommendations 98
Page 101 and 102: Acknowledgements and Funding The Of
Page 103 and 104: eferences [1] Weather Research and
Page 105 and 106: eferences [47] Observatoire Médite
Page 107 and 108: Annex A - Scenario details A.I Offs
Page 109 and 110: Annex A - Scenario details A.II Pri
Page 111 and 112: Annex A - Scenario details 2008 sce
Page 113 and 114: Annex A - Scenario details Due to t
Page 115 and 116: Annex B -technology Assumptions B.I
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Page 119 and 120: Annex c - details on Methodology an
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Page 129 and 130: Annex d - details of results D.I Wi
Page 131 and 132: Annex d - details of results FiGuRe
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Page 139 and 140: Annex d - details of results table
Page 141 and 142: Annex d - details of results table
Page 143 and 144: Annexes coal and gas, there is a de
Page 145 and 146: Annex e - regulatory Frameworks and
Page 147 and 148: Annex F - transfer to the Mediterra
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