Offshore Electricity Infrastructure in Europe - European Wind Energy ...

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Annex d – detAilS oF reSUltS Photo: Detlev Gehring - Stiftung Offshore Windenergie
Annex d – details of results D.I Wind output statistics D.I.I Spatial smoothing of wind power There are several techno-economic benefits directly linked to an offshore grid as outlined in the introduction. One of these benefits is the additional interconnection of wind energy generation centres across Europe which smoothes the wind energy variability towards a more steady generation profile. This issue was already studied by the TradeWind study and was further elaborated within OffshoreGrid as more accurate wind power time series were available. This smoothing effect is illustrated in Figure 13.1, displaying the gradients for three different sizes of regions in Denmark (a gradient is the percentage by which power goes up or down in one hour, or % fluctuation in an hour). It can clearly be seen that the gradient, or fluctuation in wind power, is much less when looking at a large region such as the whole of Denmark, when compared to the gradient of just one wind farm. The effect is even more pronounced when aggregating on a European level, as shown in Figure 13.2. Whereas offshore EU wind power still exhibits hourly gradients of 8% during a noticeable time per year, total EU wind power (onshore plus offshore) hardly shows hourly gradients in excess of 5%. The smoothing effect on wind variability is clearly visible in Figure 13.3 where it is clearly shown that the wind power generation of the OffshoreGrid 2030 scenario across a large area as EU27 (incl. Norway and Switzerland) exhibits a significantly lower variability compared to the wind power generated in e.g. Belgium alone. A way of representing the beneficial effect of aggregation at power system scale is by plotting the load duration curve of wind power plants. This is a graph which shows how many hours the power plant is operating above a certain power output. Examples for a single wind turbine, a small country (Belgium) and the whole of the EU are given in Figure 13.4. Aggregating wind power flattens the load duration curve. A single offshore turbine in this example produces rated (100%) power for 1,500 hours and zero power during FiGuRe 13.1: FRequency OF Relative pOweR chanGes in inteRvals OF One hOuR FOR a sinGle danish OFFshORe wind FaRm, 25 danish OFFshORe wind FaRms expected in 2030 and all wind FaRms (On&OFFshORe) that aRe expected in denmaRk in 2030. a pOsitive value ReFlects an incRease in pOweR and a neGative value a decRease Occurence (hours per year) 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 Total Danish wind power 25 Danish offshore wind parks 1 Danish offshore park 128 OffshoreGrid – Final Report
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OffshoreGrid: Offshore Electricity
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PRINcIPAl AUThORS: Jan De Decker, P
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Table of contents FOREWORd 6 EXEcUT
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FOREWORD The OffshoreGrid project i
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Executive Summary I. The OffshoreGr
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Executive Summary and TYNDP interco
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Executive Summary One of the keys t
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Executive Summary Splitting wind fa
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Executive Summary 16 OffshoreGrid -
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introduction 1.1 Context and backgr
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introduction TAblE 1.1: STAkEhOldER
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Key Assumptions and Scenarios In th
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Key Assumptions and Scenarios FIGUR
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Key Assumptions and Scenarios Curre
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Methodology - Simulation inputs and
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Methodology - Simulation inputs and
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esults This chapter explains and su
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esults (figure to the right) in Nor
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esults 4.2.1 Hubs and individual co
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esults The Baltic Sea is still a ra
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esults connections to shore where t
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esults 4.2.4 Conclusion and discuss
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esults and NordSee Ost Group into t
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esults 1986 (the Cross Channel link
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esults UK-Germany connection are re
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esults tee-in solution becomes pref
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esults • Large wind farms (capaci
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esults • Very large wind farm hub
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esults • A three-leg interconnect
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esults 4.5 Overall grid design 4.5.
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esults connectors that were benefic
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esults connections were tested in m
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esults existing HVDC converters at
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esults direct and integrated) ident
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esults configuration were rated dif
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esults FIGURE 4.31: cOMPARISON OF c
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esults farm connections, the reduct
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esults Overall design comparison Fi
Page 77 and 78: esults • Costs and benefits of th
Page 79 and 80: esults • There are other connecti
Page 81 and 82: esults These merits also hold for t
Page 83 and 84: Towards an Offshore Grid - Further
Page 91 and 92: conclusions and recommendations The
Page 93 and 94: conclusions and recommendations •
Page 95 and 96: conclusions and recommendations •
Page 97 and 98: conclusions and recommendations 6.5
Page 99 and 100: conclusions and recommendations 98
Page 101 and 102: Acknowledgements and Funding The Of
Page 103 and 104: eferences [1] Weather Research and
Page 105 and 106: eferences [47] Observatoire Médite
Page 107 and 108: Annex A - Scenario details A.I Offs
Page 109 and 110: Annex A - Scenario details A.II Pri
Page 111 and 112: Annex A - Scenario details 2008 sce
Page 113 and 114: Annex A - Scenario details Due to t
Page 115 and 116: Annex B -technology Assumptions B.I
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Page 119 and 120: Annex c - details on Methodology an
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Page 131 and 132: Annex d - details of results FiGuRe
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Page 139 and 140: Annex d - details of results table
Page 141 and 142: Annex d - details of results table
Page 143 and 144: Annexes coal and gas, there is a de
Page 145 and 146: Annex e - regulatory Frameworks and
Page 147 and 148: Annex F - transfer to the Mediterra
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