female sex workers (seven out of 13) were divorced or separated and two were widowed.With the transgender, six were single, one divorced or separated and another was livingwith a partner (Table 2a).Educational attainmentWhile almost one in ten (9.7%) had no formal education another 10.8% had tertiary leveleducation. Those with tertiary education were mainly males with 5 out of 8 from theMSM group. In comparison, only one woman out or 34 had tertiary education. Of therespondents, 30.1% had completed their SPM of STPM, 20.4% their primary educationand another 26.9% their lower secondary education and only two of them had completedtheir vocational education. By group all DU males had studied beyond their lowersecondary, while the heterosexually infected men had lower secondary or less education.The MSM tended to be the best educated. The refugee had only primary or no educationat all. Almost half (12 out of 26) had attained SPM/STPM or higher education, two hadnever been to school, five had completed their primary education and another sevencompleted their PMR. Female sex workers had very little education with half who hadnever been to school and the other half either completing their primary education (three)or one who had attained her PMR. Transgenders were better educated with one who hadnever been to school, two out of eight having completed their primary education, and theother six with completing their PMR and another three their upper school education(Table 2b).Employment statusAlmost half (47.4%) of the respondents were unemployed at the time of the study andonly 22.6% were employed full time and another 10.8% self-employed. Meanwhile 8.6%worked as volunteers, 3.2% were employed part-time and one respondent was too ill towork. Generally, most of the heterosexually infected women (15 out of 22) wereunemployed as were 11 out of 27 male DUs. All MSM were working full time either forothers or self employed. Of the seven refugee men, four were unemployed, two employedfulltime and another part time. Of the eight transgender, five of them said that they wereunemployed but to our knowledge they were sex workers. Of the 13 female sex workers,four of them said that they were unemployed while another five said that they wereemployed fulltime, one self employed and the final three reported that they were involvedin sex work.Types of full time employment varied widely ranging from managers and executives tomiddle management workers like clerks, nurse and technicians as well as general workersin restaurants and mini-markets. Two respondents worked full-time as sex workers.Those who were self employed were also in very varied occupations ranging from beingelectricians, designers, tailors, hairdressers, musician and sales personnel. Onerespondent reported that she was self-employed as a sex worker.Table 2bDistribution of Respondents by Education and Employment StatusHeterosexuallysexuallyGenderHetero-Trans-WomenTOTALGroups DUMSM RefugeeSexinfectedinfectedSex-WorkersNo %MenWomenWorkersNUMBER (N) 27 8 8 7 22 13 8 93 100EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT102
Family backgroundConsidering the fact that the average age of the respondents was more than thirty years, itwas not surprising that three quarters (78.5%) of the respondents had no livinggrandparents while 8.6% had one, 6.5% had two and one individual reported having threeliving grandparents. Meanwhile five of the respondents did not respond to <strong>this</strong> question(Table 3a). Almost one third (30.1%) did not have any living parent, 26.9% had one,36.6% had two living parents while seven respondents did not respond to <strong>this</strong> question.With reference to table 4 it is evident that most respondents have siblings of both sexes,most of whom had two brothers or two sisters.GroupsNo formaleducation0 0 0 2 2 4 1 9 9.7Completedprimary sch.0 3 1 5 6 3 1 19 20.4CompletedForm 39 5 0 0 4 4 3 25 26.9CompletedForms 5 or 613 0 2 0 8 2 3 28 30.1Completedvocational 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 2.2schoolUniversity/college4 0 5 0 1 0 0 10 10.8EMPLOYMENT STATUSUnemployed(not retired)11 5 0 4 15 4 5 44 47.4Employedfulltime4 1 4 2 4 5 1 21 22.6Employed parttime0 0 0 1 1 0 1 3 3.2Self-employed 4 0 4 0 1 1 0 10 10.8Long termmedical leave1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1.1Volunteer work 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 8 8.6Others 2 0 0 0 1 3 1 6 6.5Table 3aDistribution of Respondents by Family BackgroundHeterosexuallsexuallyGenderHetero-Trans-WomenDUMSM RefugeeSexinfectedinfectedSex-WorkerMenWomenWorkersTOTALNo %NUMBER (N) 27 8 8 7 22 13 8 93 100NO. OF LIVING GRANDPARENTSNobody 17 8 7 7 15 11 8 73 78.51 person 3 0 0 0 4 1 0 8 8.62 persons 3 0 1 0 1 1 0 6 6.53 persons 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1.1No. Response 4 0 0 0 1 0 0 5 5.4103
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Table of ContentsPROJECT TEAM 5ACKN
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Information received at the time of
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AcknowledgementsThis research is fu
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The main findings from the qualitat
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school or work, transport costs for
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is that the large majority of women
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In fact, special surveys conducted
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ObjectivesThe specific objectives o
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have been rejected by their immedia
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eport) that his/her healthcare (or
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CommunityKnowledge/awareness of HIV
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Framework of analysisA descriptive
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urban and a rural community. In all
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medication, the physical health com
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husbands working in other places wh
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(“And then, this doctor, he/she v
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their food. Nurses and their attend
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“Because we take drugs….no time
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The same claim to 100% condom use w
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in asking them to use condoms, even
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“Normally…..normally, memang ma
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(“But I continued using at that t
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“Buat pada permulaannya, saya mem
- Page 52 and 53: However, not all experiences with d
- Page 54 and 55: yang amat sangat. Tak pernah I rasa
- Page 56 and 57: long term fears and anxieties. The
- Page 58 and 59: “The first time I heard from the
- Page 60 and 61: handset, I too, have handset. Some
- Page 62 and 63: have been turning to God since and
- Page 64 and 65: felt I’m indecent. But, at one ti
- Page 66 and 67: would certainly want to continue wo
- Page 68 and 69: (Transgender, 53 yrs, Upper seconda
- Page 70 and 71: “Sometimes I didn’t get enough
- Page 72 and 73: positively portray people living wi
- Page 74 and 75: “After my diagnosis...I’ll pay
- Page 76 and 77: not know or might not want to be bo
- Page 78 and 79: (UNAIDS 2005).(UNAIDS 2000):The fac
- Page 80 and 81: “…bawak saya pergi hospital. An
- Page 82 and 83: erpindah ke tempat lain makin lama.
- Page 84 and 85: pada HIV itu, dia nampak penagih. S
- Page 86 and 87: (Male, 49yrs, University education,
- Page 88 and 89: However this association with the n
- Page 90 and 91: “…..depends on who is the perso
- Page 92 and 93: (“I …my experience society will
- Page 94 and 95: (“Can…can marry, no problem. Bu
- Page 96 and 97: Harm Reduction programmeSome urban
- Page 98 and 99: (“In my opinion such campaign sta
- Page 100 and 101: Table 2aDistribution of Respondents
- Page 104 and 105: NO. OF LIVING PARENTSNobody 7 1 1 2
- Page 106 and 107: tested in drug rehabilitation cente
- Page 108 and 109: GroupsDUHetero-SexuallyInfectedMenT
- Page 110 and 111: y the Ministry of Health (74.2%) or
- Page 113 and 114: Child CareYes, often 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
- Page 115 and 116: GroupsDUHetero-SexuallyInfectedMenT
- Page 117 and 118: Figure 5: Percentage of Respondents
- Page 119 and 120: GroupsTable 12aEmotional Problems E
- Page 121 and 122: Stigmatization and how it has affec
- Page 123 and 124: GroupsTable 15How They Cope With Th
- Page 125 and 126: Table 18Percentage Of Respondents W
- Page 127 and 128: esponsible for their families. As m
- Page 129 and 130: In this study, it took more effort
- Page 131 and 132: eing transgender and sex worker whe
- Page 133 and 134: denies them social and economic opp
- Page 135 and 136: working towards their future, who c
- Page 137 and 138: ReferencesAidsmeds.com (2006). Curr
- Page 139 and 140: Sen G, George A, Ostlin P (2002). E
- Page 141 and 142: Annex II: FGD Guide for PLHIV Group
- Page 143 and 144: ♦ Spouse: marital/sexual relation
- Page 145 and 146: I. Attitudes and Perceptions relate
- Page 147 and 148: I. HIV/AIDS Knowledge‣ What did y
- Page 149 and 150: Annex V: Rapid Needs Assessment Que
- Page 151 and 152: Types of support or responsibilityM
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Please tick (√)one onlyIf yes,ple
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more help would be useful for you i
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Annex VI: Ethics Approval Letter157
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