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y the Ministry of Health (74.2%) or from the University Hospital (7.5%) run by theMinistry of Education. In actual fact most of the MSM get their treatment from theUniversity hospital as do two DUs but the rest were being treated in MOH hospitals.Other places from where respondents get their medication are medicine shops andpharmacies.Mode of payment for treatmentIn this study 69 respondents were receiving treatment from the Ministry of Health’sgovernment hospitals almost half (40.0%) of them were getting it free. Another 8.8%were getting their treatment partially subsidized by the Government. Family and friendswere helping to pay for 11.3% of the respondents and 32.5% were getting their treatmentpaid by other sources. The seven refugees’ treatment were paid for by UNHCR and theMalaysian AIDS foundation was paying for the medication one DU man, a Buddhistfoundation for one heterosexually infected man and another three DUs claim theirmedication was being paid for by the Catholic Church under their Welcome CommunityHome (where they were living at the time of the study). One DU was also usinginsurance money to pay for his treatment. Of the seven respondents receiving treatmentfrom the university hospital, only one was paying for it by himself and the rest werebeing partially subsidized. Although 11 respondent reported that they were receivingtreatment from places other that the general and university hospitals, only sevenproceeded to answer the subsequent question. In this instance two MSM reported payingthemselves for treatment elsewhere, one heterosexually infected women reported thatfamily and friends assisted her in seeking treatment elsewhere.It would seem evident that the almost all heterosexually infected women were able to gettreatment from public hospitals either totally free or at least partially subsidized. Giventhe fact that not all PLHIV need to be on treatment, the total number (more than 81%)assisted by the Government is quite formidable. However on the other hand havingpartial subsidy would still be too expensive for respondents whose ability to earn anincome is compromised by their health.Groups DUTable 9HIV Related TreatmentHetero-Hetero-Trans-WomenTotalSexuallysexuallyGenderMSM RefugeeSex-InfectedInfectedSex-WorkersNo. %MenWomenWorkersNUMBER (N) 27 8 8 7 22 13 8 93 100ACCESS TO TREATMENTYes, regularly 19 8 7 6 18 4 6 68 73.1Yes, notregularly1** 0 0 1* 1* 0 3 3.2Don’t need it 4 0 1 0 2 5 1 13 14.0Need it, cantpay1 0 0 0 0 3 1 5 5.4No response 2 2 0 0 4 4.3* financial problems ** does not need it regularly yetSOURCE OF MEDICAL CARE N MEDICATION110
In Gov. hosp 21 8 2 7 21 5 6 69 74.2Universityhosp2 0 5 0 0 0 0 7 7.5Others 2 0 4 0 1 8 3 11 11.8*Others: medicine shops and pharmaciesHOW THEY ARE PAYING FOR TREATMENTMOH HOSPITAL (N= 69)Themselves 0 1 0 0 1 03 0 5 6.3Family &friends6 3 0 0 0 0 0 9 11.3FullyGovernment4 3 0 0 18 2 5 32 40Partial byGovernment4 0 1 0 1 0 1 7 8.8Insurance 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1.3Others 6 1 0 7 2 8 2 26 32.5UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL (N=7)Themselves 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 14.3Partial byGovernment1 0 5 0 0 0 0 6 85.7OTHERS (N=7)Themselves 0 0 2 0 0 1 3 42.9Family &friends0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 14.3Others 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 42.8Problems experienced by respondentsPhysical health problemsGenerally, because of the manner we recruited respondents (mobile and at be able totravel to a center where the Focus group discussion was held), it was therefore notsurprising to find that there were not many reporting that they experienced the physicalhealth problems itemized (Table 10a and 10b). These items included, problem witheating, drinking or appetite, sleep, mobility, daily activities like caring for oneself,household chores, taking care of children, getting treatment regularly, problems related todrug or alcohol, sex or others. Among the other problems pointed out by respondentswere blurred vision, nerve problem and slurred speech, TB, skin and heart disease.Generally they were also getting help for their problems. Again this is not reflective ofPLHIVs in the country because respondents were also recruited by NGOs who werealready assisting them in various ways.111
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Table of ContentsPROJECT TEAM 5ACKN
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Information received at the time of
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AcknowledgementsThis research is fu
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The main findings from the qualitat
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school or work, transport costs for
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is that the large majority of women
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In fact, special surveys conducted
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ObjectivesThe specific objectives o
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have been rejected by their immedia
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eport) that his/her healthcare (or
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CommunityKnowledge/awareness of HIV
Page 28 and 29:
Framework of analysisA descriptive
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urban and a rural community. In all
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medication, the physical health com
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husbands working in other places wh
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(“And then, this doctor, he/she v
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their food. Nurses and their attend
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“Because we take drugs….no time
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The same claim to 100% condom use w
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in asking them to use condoms, even
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“Normally…..normally, memang ma
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(“But I continued using at that t
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“Buat pada permulaannya, saya mem
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However, not all experiences with d
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yang amat sangat. Tak pernah I rasa
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long term fears and anxieties. The
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“The first time I heard from the
Page 60 and 61: handset, I too, have handset. Some
Page 62 and 63: have been turning to God since and
Page 64 and 65: felt I’m indecent. But, at one ti
Page 66 and 67: would certainly want to continue wo
Page 68 and 69: (Transgender, 53 yrs, Upper seconda
Page 70 and 71: “Sometimes I didn’t get enough
Page 72 and 73: positively portray people living wi
Page 74 and 75: “After my diagnosis...I’ll pay
Page 76 and 77: not know or might not want to be bo
Page 78 and 79: (UNAIDS 2005).(UNAIDS 2000):The fac
Page 80 and 81: “…bawak saya pergi hospital. An
Page 82 and 83: erpindah ke tempat lain makin lama.
Page 84 and 85: pada HIV itu, dia nampak penagih. S
Page 86 and 87: (Male, 49yrs, University education,
Page 88 and 89: However this association with the n
Page 90 and 91: “…..depends on who is the perso
Page 92 and 93: (“I …my experience society will
Page 94 and 95: (“Can…can marry, no problem. Bu
Page 96 and 97: Harm Reduction programmeSome urban
Page 98 and 99: (“In my opinion such campaign sta
Page 100 and 101: Table 2aDistribution of Respondents
Page 102 and 103: female sex workers (seven out of 13
Page 104 and 105: NO. OF LIVING PARENTSNobody 7 1 1 2
Page 106 and 107: tested in drug rehabilitation cente
Page 108 and 109: GroupsDUHetero-SexuallyInfectedMenT
Page 113 and 114: Child CareYes, often 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
Page 115 and 116: GroupsDUHetero-SexuallyInfectedMenT
Page 117 and 118: Figure 5: Percentage of Respondents
Page 119 and 120: GroupsTable 12aEmotional Problems E
Page 121 and 122: Stigmatization and how it has affec
Page 123 and 124: GroupsTable 15How They Cope With Th
Page 125 and 126: Table 18Percentage Of Respondents W
Page 127 and 128: esponsible for their families. As m
Page 129 and 130: In this study, it took more effort
Page 131 and 132: eing transgender and sex worker whe
Page 133 and 134: denies them social and economic opp
Page 135 and 136: working towards their future, who c
Page 137 and 138: ReferencesAidsmeds.com (2006). Curr
Page 139 and 140: Sen G, George A, Ostlin P (2002). E
Page 141 and 142: Annex II: FGD Guide for PLHIV Group
Page 143 and 144: ♦ Spouse: marital/sexual relation
Page 145 and 146: I. Attitudes and Perceptions relate
Page 147 and 148: I. HIV/AIDS Knowledge‣ What did y
Page 149 and 150: Annex V: Rapid Needs Assessment Que
Page 151 and 152: Types of support or responsibilityM
Page 153 and 154: Please tick (√)one onlyIf yes,ple
Page 155 and 156: more help would be useful for you i
Page 157 and 158: Annex VI: Ethics Approval Letter157
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