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CommunityKnowledge/awareness of HIV and AIDS – sources of information;Perspectives on prevention and control strategies;Attitudes and perceptions towards PLHIVs - as neighbours, friends, coworkers;Expressions of stigmatization and discrimination towards PLHIV -attitudes to Government subsidized supportInvolvement with PLHIVA flow chart was devised to assist moderators in conducting each FGD (Annex II).There are slight variations in the Guide for the Refugees to accommodate their specificcircumstances in a host country. The FGD Guides are shown in Annex III to V. TheFGD guide for PLHIV was pilot-tested and revisedFor each FGD, confidentiality was assured by not collecting names or identification anddisposing of the audio-taped discussions after transcribing and checking. All participantswere informed of the purpose of the study, the measures to maintain confidentiality.Consent to take part in the study was elicited verbally and by participants’ agreement totake part in the discussion.FGD tapes were transcribed, checked, and additional notes from note-takers inserted,where relevant. Thereafter, each transcript was perused and codings, based on theresearch issues, applied using NVIVO Edition 3 (QSR 2002).At the same time, each FGD participant completed the questionnaire to assess theirneeds. This questionnaire also collected their background socio-demographic data. Thedata were analysed using SPSS 14.0.Framework of analysisThe analytical framework consists of:A. Describing the consequences of HIV/AIDS on PLHIV and their families lives in thefollowing areas: Physical and health consequences Social and psychological consequences Economic consequencesIn terms of consequences, a specific focus was given to forms of stigmatization anddiscrimination in all the above areas. These were analysed in terms of perceived andexperienced stigmatization and discrimination. This distinction has been otherwisedescribed in the literature as ‘felt stigma’ and ‘enacted stigma’:‣ Felt stigma - defined as feelings that individuals harbour about their condition andthe likely reactions of others‣ Enacted stigma - defined as the actual experiences of stigmatization anddiscrimination (Scambler & Hopkins, 1986; Jacoby, 1994 cited in UNAIDS2000).26
B. Analysing the above dimensions of impact by the following cross-cutting issues: Factors/situations that assist or hinder coping mechanisms Factors/situations that motivate self-help, and positive behavioural and attitudinalchanges Awareness of policies, resources related to HIV/AIDS, and desire to participate inHIV/AIDS prevention, treatment and/or support programmes in line with GIPAinitiativesSurvey on needsSelection processThe same focal groups of PLHIV were targeted as respondents for this survey. Asmentioned earlier, FGD participants completed the survey questionnaire to complementfindings from a qualitative approach.The eligibility criteria were similar to the FGD participants:1. HIV infection diagnosed at least six months ago to allow for the experiences ofcoping, disclosing, seeking resources, and possible emotional trauma associatedwith these processes2. Age range 20 to 50 years for DU men3. Age range 18 years and above for infected women partners and sex workers4. Ability to read and write (if possible)In addition, additional questionnaires were distributed to NGOs which were willing toadminister them to their clients. These NGOs were solicited through the MalaysianAIDS Council. Since most NGOs have limited time and manpower, only a few NGOsparticipated in this survey. Nonetheless, the additional data served as a means tosubstantiate the data from the FGD participants.QuestionnaireIn summary, the questionnaire for the survey focussed on individual needs from thefollowing perspectives:1. What are the respondents’ current problems (health, social, economic)?2. Are they receiving help/assistance for these problems?3. For which problems would they like help or assistance (or further assistance)?4. What are their major concerns?5. Have they experienced stigmatisation and discrimination, and in what forms?6. How have they coped with these forms of stigmatisation and discrimination?7. Are they aware of resources for PLHIV?8. Would they like to be involved with efforts related to HIV?The survey questionnaire also includes a section on socio-demographic background(Annex V).The questionnaire was designed to be self-administered, and was pre-tested and revised.Non-literate respondents were assisted by research members or NGO staff.Data were checked and coded for analysis using SPSS 14.0 (SPSS Inc. 2005).27
Page 2 and 3: Table of ContentsPROJECT TEAM 5ACKN
Page 4 and 5: Information received at the time of
Page 6 and 7: AcknowledgementsThis research is fu
Page 9: The main findings from the qualitat
Page 14 and 15: school or work, transport costs for
Page 16 and 17: is that the large majority of women
Page 18 and 19: In fact, special surveys conducted
Page 20 and 21: ObjectivesThe specific objectives o
Page 22 and 23: have been rejected by their immedia
Page 24 and 25: eport) that his/her healthcare (or
Page 28 and 29: Framework of analysisA descriptive
Page 30 and 31: urban and a rural community. In all
Page 32 and 33: medication, the physical health com
Page 34 and 35: husbands working in other places wh
Page 36 and 37: (“And then, this doctor, he/she v
Page 38 and 39: their food. Nurses and their attend
Page 40 and 41: “Because we take drugs….no time
Page 42 and 43: The same claim to 100% condom use w
Page 44 and 45: in asking them to use condoms, even
Page 46 and 47: “Normally…..normally, memang ma
Page 48 and 49: (“But I continued using at that t
Page 50 and 51: “Buat pada permulaannya, saya mem
Page 52 and 53: However, not all experiences with d
Page 54 and 55: yang amat sangat. Tak pernah I rasa
Page 56 and 57: long term fears and anxieties. The
Page 58 and 59: “The first time I heard from the
Page 60 and 61: handset, I too, have handset. Some
Page 62 and 63: have been turning to God since and
Page 64 and 65: felt I’m indecent. But, at one ti
Page 66 and 67: would certainly want to continue wo
Page 68 and 69: (Transgender, 53 yrs, Upper seconda
Page 70 and 71: “Sometimes I didn’t get enough
Page 72 and 73: positively portray people living wi
Page 74 and 75: “After my diagnosis...I’ll pay
Page 76 and 77:
not know or might not want to be bo
Page 78 and 79:
(UNAIDS 2005).(UNAIDS 2000):The fac
Page 80 and 81:
“…bawak saya pergi hospital. An
Page 82 and 83:
erpindah ke tempat lain makin lama.
Page 84 and 85:
pada HIV itu, dia nampak penagih. S
Page 86 and 87:
(Male, 49yrs, University education,
Page 88 and 89:
However this association with the n
Page 90 and 91:
“…..depends on who is the perso
Page 92 and 93:
(“I …my experience society will
Page 94 and 95:
(“Can…can marry, no problem. Bu
Page 96 and 97:
Harm Reduction programmeSome urban
Page 98 and 99:
(“In my opinion such campaign sta
Page 100 and 101:
Table 2aDistribution of Respondents
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female sex workers (seven out of 13
Page 104 and 105:
NO. OF LIVING PARENTSNobody 7 1 1 2
Page 106 and 107:
tested in drug rehabilitation cente
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GroupsDUHetero-SexuallyInfectedMenT
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y the Ministry of Health (74.2%) or
Page 113 and 114:
Child CareYes, often 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
Page 115 and 116:
GroupsDUHetero-SexuallyInfectedMenT
Page 117 and 118:
Figure 5: Percentage of Respondents
Page 119 and 120:
GroupsTable 12aEmotional Problems E
Page 121 and 122:
Stigmatization and how it has affec
Page 123 and 124:
GroupsTable 15How They Cope With Th
Page 125 and 126:
Table 18Percentage Of Respondents W
Page 127 and 128:
esponsible for their families. As m
Page 129 and 130:
In this study, it took more effort
Page 131 and 132:
eing transgender and sex worker whe
Page 133 and 134:
denies them social and economic opp
Page 135 and 136:
working towards their future, who c
Page 137 and 138:
ReferencesAidsmeds.com (2006). Curr
Page 139 and 140:
Sen G, George A, Ostlin P (2002). E
Page 141 and 142:
Annex II: FGD Guide for PLHIV Group
Page 143 and 144:
♦ Spouse: marital/sexual relation
Page 145 and 146:
I. Attitudes and Perceptions relate
Page 147 and 148:
I. HIV/AIDS Knowledge‣ What did y
Page 149 and 150:
Annex V: Rapid Needs Assessment Que
Page 151 and 152:
Types of support or responsibilityM
Page 153 and 154:
Please tick (√)one onlyIf yes,ple
Page 155 and 156:
more help would be useful for you i
Page 157 and 158:
Annex VI: Ethics Approval Letter157
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