have been turning to God since and get closer to God. Go pray. God willnever give me bad things. It is all from Satan. So, what happened now isI’m trying to empower myself lah so that I can fight the power of Satan.This is spiritual lah. I’m using spiritual”(Female, 54yrs, Lower secondary education, SW)”It really helps me a lot...Buddhism...Buddhism because I always thinkabout...[God] since the virus chooses me as their host. I’m in their home.So, I need to take care of them. They also need to take care of me ok. Itreat them good and they should treat me good and hope <strong>this</strong> is what Ihope, that’s all”(Male, 36yrs, University education, MSM)“Banyak-banyak berdoa pada Tuhan sekarang. Susah hati pasal masadepan saya tengok macam mana. Banyak doa saja”(”Pray constantly to God now. Worried about my future, lets see how. Justlots of prayer”).(Female, 29yrs, Upper secondary education, Infected Partner)There are also participants who blame the higher power for their disease. Theysee <strong>this</strong> as a punishment from God.“At first I was Buddhist, but when I was diagnosed with <strong>this</strong> disease, I wasthinking of why? If God wants to punish me, is better not to give me thereproductive organ, don’t give me the feeling of sex. If you [God] gives,certainly will request for it [sex]. The only thing different is I’m a gay.So, I was like quite anti and doesn’t believe in religion for sometime.After a period of time, I being convinced myself. Felt like I’m toonegative at that time. My thinking is that my blood is dirty ok. I couln’task God to give me longer life. But, just pray for my family goodunderstanding. I realize that we have to fight for what we need and whatwe want, because God couldn’t help you. You have to self-survived. Ihave to rescue myself first. This is about me, my individual thinking….my feeling. Doesn’t apply to others”(Male, 43yrs, University education, MSM)CopingCoping strategies were also explored as to how participants coped with their illness.“Sometimes, when we are sick, laughter is the best medicine. We tend tojoke with ourselves, to leave the past. We try to avoid thinking that mentalthought that we have HIV, we have <strong>AIDS</strong>. We try our best to avoidthinking about <strong>this</strong> kind of problem”(Male, 44yrs, Upper secondary education, DU)“Untuk saya mengurangkan tension, saya pergi jogging. Pergi jalanjalan,pergi mana-mana lah”62
(”For me, to reduce my tension, i go for jogging. Go for a walk, goanywhere”)(Female, 25yrs, Upper secondary education, Infected Partner)”Saya dekat kampung sana selalu pergi kebun, macam tu. Kalau sayasusah, kalau masa tak sekolah, budak tak sekolah, saya keluar ke kebundan bersawah. Kalau saya duduk di rumah, memang fikiran saya pusingpusing”(”When i’m in the village, i go very often to the farm. If i’m unhappy, ifthere’s no school, the kids don’t go to school, I’ll go to the farm and dosome farming. If I stay at home, definitely I’ll get headache”)(Female, 35yrs, Primary education, Infected Partner)“There’s nothing to be shy of your sickness anymore. If they want todiscriminate, it’s up to them. That is God’s will, you know. So, we haveto do something. Life must go on. To me, I am thinking in that way”(Female, 54yrs, Lower secondary education, SW)Outlook on lifeThere are mixed feelings among participants as to how they see their life, some arepositive whereas some are negative. To some, it’s a challenge and they change for thebetter. However, to some participants, the fear of the unknown of what is going tohappen to them seems to be bothering them.“But contrary to anything or whatever, I supposed my life now is betterthan before I was diagnosed. I think as a whole I felt that I’m a betterperson after being diagnosed”(Male, 40yrs, Upper secondary education)“I hope I could cooperate with NGO or any other organizations inpropaganda HIV and <strong>AIDS</strong>. Let the young generation know how toprevent being infected by <strong>this</strong> disease. Don’t go the same way I did andhoping for the medicine that can cure <strong>this</strong> disease. But, I already take iteasy because everyone will go through the process of birth till death.Nothing to be afraid. But, I couldn’t go back what I have before. So, Ialready learn to take it easy”(Male, 36yrs, Primary education, Heterosexual)“Sebab saya memang terdedah kepada HIV. Sebab saya menggunakansuntikan dadah. Jadi, terpaksa lah membuat kerja-kerja yangmenyusahkan orang lain untuk kepentingan diri. Saya rasa saya memangtak elok lah. Tapi, dalam satu masa, saya akan berfikir bila saya dahnormal, tak gian saya akan automatic berubah. Berubah. Dia tidak akanjadi seorang yang zalim dan tidak menjadi seorang yang ganas. Sayaakan berubah”(“Because I am exposed to HIV. Because I use injecting drug. So I getinvolved with works that put people into trouble for my own benefits. I63
- Page 2 and 3:
Table of ContentsPROJECT TEAM 5ACKN
- Page 4 and 5:
Information received at the time of
- Page 6 and 7:
AcknowledgementsThis research is fu
- Page 9:
The main findings from the qualitat
- Page 14 and 15: school or work, transport costs for
- Page 16 and 17: is that the large majority of women
- Page 18 and 19: In fact, special surveys conducted
- Page 20 and 21: ObjectivesThe specific objectives o
- Page 22 and 23: have been rejected by their immedia
- Page 24 and 25: eport) that his/her healthcare (or
- Page 26 and 27: CommunityKnowledge/awareness of HIV
- Page 28 and 29: Framework of analysisA descriptive
- Page 30 and 31: urban and a rural community. In all
- Page 32 and 33: medication, the physical health com
- Page 34 and 35: husbands working in other places wh
- Page 36 and 37: (“And then, this doctor, he/she v
- Page 38 and 39: their food. Nurses and their attend
- Page 40 and 41: “Because we take drugs….no time
- Page 42 and 43: The same claim to 100% condom use w
- Page 44 and 45: in asking them to use condoms, even
- Page 46 and 47: “Normally…..normally, memang ma
- Page 48 and 49: (“But I continued using at that t
- Page 50 and 51: “Buat pada permulaannya, saya mem
- Page 52 and 53: However, not all experiences with d
- Page 54 and 55: yang amat sangat. Tak pernah I rasa
- Page 56 and 57: long term fears and anxieties. The
- Page 58 and 59: “The first time I heard from the
- Page 60 and 61: handset, I too, have handset. Some
- Page 64 and 65: felt I’m indecent. But, at one ti
- Page 66 and 67: would certainly want to continue wo
- Page 68 and 69: (Transgender, 53 yrs, Upper seconda
- Page 70 and 71: “Sometimes I didn’t get enough
- Page 72 and 73: positively portray people living wi
- Page 74 and 75: “After my diagnosis...I’ll pay
- Page 76 and 77: not know or might not want to be bo
- Page 78 and 79: (UNAIDS 2005).(UNAIDS 2000):The fac
- Page 80 and 81: “…bawak saya pergi hospital. An
- Page 82 and 83: erpindah ke tempat lain makin lama.
- Page 84 and 85: pada HIV itu, dia nampak penagih. S
- Page 86 and 87: (Male, 49yrs, University education,
- Page 88 and 89: However this association with the n
- Page 90 and 91: “…..depends on who is the perso
- Page 92 and 93: (“I …my experience society will
- Page 94 and 95: (“Can…can marry, no problem. Bu
- Page 96 and 97: Harm Reduction programmeSome urban
- Page 98 and 99: (“In my opinion such campaign sta
- Page 100 and 101: Table 2aDistribution of Respondents
- Page 102 and 103: female sex workers (seven out of 13
- Page 104 and 105: NO. OF LIVING PARENTSNobody 7 1 1 2
- Page 106 and 107: tested in drug rehabilitation cente
- Page 108 and 109: GroupsDUHetero-SexuallyInfectedMenT
- Page 110 and 111: y the Ministry of Health (74.2%) or
- Page 113 and 114:
Child CareYes, often 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
- Page 115 and 116:
GroupsDUHetero-SexuallyInfectedMenT
- Page 117 and 118:
Figure 5: Percentage of Respondents
- Page 119 and 120:
GroupsTable 12aEmotional Problems E
- Page 121 and 122:
Stigmatization and how it has affec
- Page 123 and 124:
GroupsTable 15How They Cope With Th
- Page 125 and 126:
Table 18Percentage Of Respondents W
- Page 127 and 128:
esponsible for their families. As m
- Page 129 and 130:
In this study, it took more effort
- Page 131 and 132:
eing transgender and sex worker whe
- Page 133 and 134:
denies them social and economic opp
- Page 135 and 136:
working towards their future, who c
- Page 137 and 138:
ReferencesAidsmeds.com (2006). Curr
- Page 139 and 140:
Sen G, George A, Ostlin P (2002). E
- Page 141 and 142:
Annex II: FGD Guide for PLHIV Group
- Page 143 and 144:
♦ Spouse: marital/sexual relation
- Page 145 and 146:
I. Attitudes and Perceptions relate
- Page 147 and 148:
I. HIV/AIDS Knowledge‣ What did y
- Page 149 and 150:
Annex V: Rapid Needs Assessment Que
- Page 151 and 152:
Types of support or responsibilityM
- Page 153 and 154:
Please tick (√)one onlyIf yes,ple
- Page 155 and 156:
more help would be useful for you i
- Page 157 and 158:
Annex VI: Ethics Approval Letter157