“…bawak saya pergi hospital. And then, pergi sana dahchecked..repeated I am positif. Doktor umum dengan I…you are positive.Lepas tu, dia masuk, mask pakai. Tengok, itu cara doktor”(“I was brought to the hospital. And then, went there andchecked...repeated I am positive. Doctor informed me...your are positive.Then he came in wearing a mask. Look, that’s the doctor’s way”)(Transgender, 27yrs, Primary education, Infected Partner)“You go, you go for….endoscopy. The first thing he said was, ‘Okay,biohazard dulu (first).”(Male, 44yrs, Upper secondary education, DU)“The treatment not like what they give to normal people, there’s adifference. Like touching you…..they feel reluctant to touch. When thedoctor tell them to draw blood…ah…they will think twice. They will askus whether you can draw your own blood or not. If they touched also,immediately they go and wash their hands. [It] is happening everyday.You can go to the ward and see”(Male, 40yrs, Upper secondary education, DU)“There was a lot of discrimination. I was supposed to get operated onbut…erm…the surgeon refused to operate on me because I was HIVpositive. I was refused operation because of my HIV status. So, it wasvery very painful at that time, you know, you are being discriminated,discriminated by doctors and when I didn’t get <strong>this</strong> thing operated on, thenI carried on living with it until the thing ruptured. And I was admitted tothe general hospital. And then again I was discriminated because I wasHIV positive”(Male, 50yrs, Upper secondary education)“Yang saya rasa ada berlaku saya discrimination semasa nak cabut gigidi hospital UKM. Sebabnya, sebelum kita cabut gigi dia bagi borang.Ada sakit apa…lepas tu kita ingat tak not bohong lah kan. Masa tumemang dah nak cabut..memang confirmed nak cabut. Tapi dia extend,dia postponed. Ahh….sebab bila I honest kata saya HIV positif kan, diapostponed. Lepas itu dah tak pergi lah situ dah”(“I felt discrimination happened to me when I wanted to get my toothextracted in UKM Hospital. Because, when we want to have toothextraction, we need to fill in form. Whether having any sickness...then Ithought of not lying. At that moment, it’s going to extract...it’s confirmedextracting my tooth. But he extend, he postponed. Ahh... cause when i’mhonest telling that i’m HIV positive, he postponed. Then, I didn’t go thereanymore”)(Male, 42yrs, Upper secondary education)The stigma and discrimination can deter a person living with HIV from seekingtreatment, as noted in <strong>this</strong> quote. As time goes by, people living with HIV/<strong>AIDS</strong> becomeimmune to <strong>this</strong> and has to get on with their own lives.80
“When you walk in [to the] ID [Infectious Diseases] section only, youknow, ID clinic or HIV - he’s even scared to go for treatment, you know.You see [from that] how much is the discrimination, in fact. Ah….thestigma is there! How do you cope with all these, I mean. All of you havegone through the treatment and the people look at you one kind, you knowwhat I mean.”(Male, 36yrs, Upper secondary education, DU)“…and treatment is vital for people with HIV. It is crucial, you need totake treatment in order to survive, and <strong>this</strong> discrimination even scares youto go and take treatment”(Male, 36yrs, Upper secondary education, DU)Whether <strong>this</strong> treatment was due to the HIV status or applies to all bed-ridden patients inthat ward cannot be ascertained but one participant told of how it was in hospital whenshe was so ill and unable to get out of bed or even sit up:“Nurse sana kata apa? Orang kenal X [mentions own name] - hidungdengan gigi; lain tak kenal! Dekat Sungai Buloh memang X mandi pakaitu troli panjang, bukan kerusi roda, troli panjang. Tiap tiap pagi, nursekejut, attendant kejut, suruh bangun, pusing, tolak ke bilik mandi, airsiram – begitulah!”(“The nurse there – what she said? People know you from your nose andteeth – the rest they can’t recognise! At Sungai Buloh [hospital], I wasactually bathed on a [hospital] trolley, not from a wheelchair, a trolley.Every morning, the nurse wakes me, the attendant wakes me, tells me toget up, turns [the trolley], pushes it to the bathroom, showers me - justlike that!”)(Transgender, 46yrs, Upper secondary education, SW)At the family and community level, PLHIV participants faced stigmatizing reactionsfrom various sources, strangers, local residents, friends as well as family:“Ha..macam dekat kampong, dia orang dah tau dia positif. Dia orang taknak kawan dia, asingkan dia. Dia orang tak nak cakap dengan dia”(“Ha...like in the village, the people know that he/she is positive. Theydon’t want to befriend him/her, isolate him/her. They don’t want to talk tohim/her”)(Transgender, 27yrs, Primary education, Infected Partner)“They worried that when I look at them, they will become <strong>AIDS</strong> patientstoo…therefore all of them ran away from me”(Male, 36yrs, Primary education, Heterosexual)“Saperti mana kawan-kawan yang duduk dengan saya mula menjauhkandiri daripada saya. Tak apa. Dia orang tak ada pengetahuan tentangHIV. Yang dia orang tahu HIV boleh merebak. Itu saja. Kemudian, saya81
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Table of ContentsPROJECT TEAM 5ACKN
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Information received at the time of
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AcknowledgementsThis research is fu
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The main findings from the qualitat
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school or work, transport costs for
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is that the large majority of women
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In fact, special surveys conducted
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ObjectivesThe specific objectives o
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have been rejected by their immedia
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eport) that his/her healthcare (or
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CommunityKnowledge/awareness of HIV
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Framework of analysisA descriptive
- Page 30 and 31: urban and a rural community. In all
- Page 32 and 33: medication, the physical health com
- Page 34 and 35: husbands working in other places wh
- Page 36 and 37: (“And then, this doctor, he/she v
- Page 38 and 39: their food. Nurses and their attend
- Page 40 and 41: “Because we take drugs….no time
- Page 42 and 43: The same claim to 100% condom use w
- Page 44 and 45: in asking them to use condoms, even
- Page 46 and 47: “Normally…..normally, memang ma
- Page 48 and 49: (“But I continued using at that t
- Page 50 and 51: “Buat pada permulaannya, saya mem
- Page 52 and 53: However, not all experiences with d
- Page 54 and 55: yang amat sangat. Tak pernah I rasa
- Page 56 and 57: long term fears and anxieties. The
- Page 58 and 59: “The first time I heard from the
- Page 60 and 61: handset, I too, have handset. Some
- Page 62 and 63: have been turning to God since and
- Page 64 and 65: felt I’m indecent. But, at one ti
- Page 66 and 67: would certainly want to continue wo
- Page 68 and 69: (Transgender, 53 yrs, Upper seconda
- Page 70 and 71: “Sometimes I didn’t get enough
- Page 72 and 73: positively portray people living wi
- Page 74 and 75: “After my diagnosis...I’ll pay
- Page 76 and 77: not know or might not want to be bo
- Page 78 and 79: (UNAIDS 2005).(UNAIDS 2000):The fac
- Page 82 and 83: erpindah ke tempat lain makin lama.
- Page 84 and 85: pada HIV itu, dia nampak penagih. S
- Page 86 and 87: (Male, 49yrs, University education,
- Page 88 and 89: However this association with the n
- Page 90 and 91: “…..depends on who is the perso
- Page 92 and 93: (“I …my experience society will
- Page 94 and 95: (“Can…can marry, no problem. Bu
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- Page 100 and 101: Table 2aDistribution of Respondents
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- Page 104 and 105: NO. OF LIVING PARENTSNobody 7 1 1 2
- Page 106 and 107: tested in drug rehabilitation cente
- Page 108 and 109: GroupsDUHetero-SexuallyInfectedMenT
- Page 110 and 111: y the Ministry of Health (74.2%) or
- Page 113 and 114: Child CareYes, often 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
- Page 115 and 116: GroupsDUHetero-SexuallyInfectedMenT
- Page 117 and 118: Figure 5: Percentage of Respondents
- Page 119 and 120: GroupsTable 12aEmotional Problems E
- Page 121 and 122: Stigmatization and how it has affec
- Page 123 and 124: GroupsTable 15How They Cope With Th
- Page 125 and 126: Table 18Percentage Of Respondents W
- Page 127 and 128: esponsible for their families. As m
- Page 129 and 130: In this study, it took more effort
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eing transgender and sex worker whe
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denies them social and economic opp
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working towards their future, who c
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ReferencesAidsmeds.com (2006). Curr
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Sen G, George A, Ostlin P (2002). E
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Annex II: FGD Guide for PLHIV Group
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♦ Spouse: marital/sexual relation
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I. Attitudes and Perceptions relate
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I. HIV/AIDS Knowledge‣ What did y
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Annex V: Rapid Needs Assessment Que
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Types of support or responsibilityM
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Please tick (√)one onlyIf yes,ple
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more help would be useful for you i
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Annex VI: Ethics Approval Letter157