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NO. OF LIVING PARENTSNobody 7 1 1 2 4 7 6 28 30.11 person 10 4 2 2 6 0 1 25 26.92 persons 5 3 5 3 11 5 1 33 36.6No response 5 0 0 0 1 1 0 7 6.4NO. OF LIVING MALE SIBLINGS (EXCLUDING SELF)Nobody 3 1 0 1 3 1 2 11 11.91 person 6 2 3 2 4 1 1 18 19.42 persons 5 2 3 2 2 5 4 23 24.73 persons 0 1 1 1 4 3 1 12 12.94 persons 5 1 1 1 7 0 0 15 16.1> 4 persons 4 1 0 0 1 3 0 9 9.7No response 4 0 0 0 1 0 5 5.4NO. OF LIVING FEMALE SIBLINGS (EXCLUDING SELF)Nobody 7 0 2 1 5 2 2 19 20.41 person 4 2 2 2 1 3 1 15 16.12 persons 5 3 1 2 2 3 2 18 19.43 persons 3 1 2 0 4 3 1 14 15.14 persons 1 4 0 1 3 0 2 9 9.7> 4 persons 3 0 1 1 6 2 0 13 14.0No response 4 0 0 0 1 0 5 5.4Living childrenMore than six out of ten respondents did not have any children, 61.3% in the case offemale children and 63.4% in the case of male children (Table 3b). Meanwhile 15.1%had one female child and an equal number had two female children and very few of themhad three male children or more. The pattern was also the same in the case of respondentswith male children. All MSM and transgender sex workers did not have any childrenwhile only two heterosexually infected men had children. Of the refugees only three hadchildren ranging from one to four. Only six out of 22 heterosexually infected women hadno children. The rest have children of both sexes and in varying numbers. Five of the 13female sex workers have no children while the rest had a few children ranging from oneto four.GroupsTable 3bDistribution of Respondents by Family BackgroundHetero-Hetero-Trans-WomenSexuallysexuallyGenderDUMSM RefugeeSex-InfectedInfectedSex-WorkersMenWomenWorksTotalNo %NUMBER (N) 27 8 8 7 22 13 8 93 100NO. OF LIVING FEMALE CHILDRENNobody 18 7 8 5 6 5 8 57 61.31 person 1 1 0 1 6 5 0 14 15.12 persons 3 0 0 1 7 3 0 14 15.13 persons 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 2.2> 3 persons 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1.1104
No response 4 0 0 0 1 0 0 5 5.4NO. OF LIVING MALE CHILDRENNobody 18 7 8 4 8 6 8 59 63.41 person 3 1 0 2 7 3 0 16 17.22 persons 2 0 0 0 5 3 0 10 10.83 persons 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1.14 persons 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 2.2No response 4 0 0 0 1 0 0 5 5.4OTHER POSITIVE MEMBERS IN FAMILYNobody 26 8 8 5 16 11 7 79 84.9Brother 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1.11 Child 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 4 4.32 Children 1 2 2.2Husband 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 4 4.3Wife 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 3 3.2Positive family membersWhile in 84.9% of the respondents they were the only positive member in their respectivefamilies, there were still others who had positive children or spouses. One DU malereported that his wife was also positive as did two refugees. Three of the heterosexuallyinfected women had positive husbands, three had one positive child each and another hadtwo positive children. One of the female sex workers reported having a positive child andanother reported that her husband was also positive. One of the transgender sex workerhad a positive brother.TestingDuration since HIV diagnosisThis section on testing (Table 4) begins with how long each of the respondents hadknown about their status, what prompted them to go for testing, whether they receivedpre and post test counseling. On the average the respondents had known of their positivestatus for more than four years (53.7 months) ranging from one to 168 months or 14years. Generally about three quarters of them had known their status in the last six yearsalthough almost 20%, most of whom were DUs had known it for more than eight years.This is not unexpected because DUs are more likely to be picked up during drug raidsand therefore could be tested earlier than others. By group, transgender sex workerstended to have been found positive more recently (seven out of eight) only in the last twoyears.How HIV status was discoveredHow the status of respondents were discovered varied but one in four (24.7%) weretested positive when they were advised by their doctors to go for testing. This wasparticularly true with the heterosexually infected men (four out of eight), the MSM (threeout of eight) as well as the women sex workers (five out of 13). Another 16.1% weretested positive when their partners were positive and <strong>this</strong> was particularly so in the caseof the heterosexually infected women. Similarly one refugee man and two female sexworkers were tested positive due to partner status. As expected most of the DU men were105
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Table of ContentsPROJECT TEAM 5ACKN
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Information received at the time of
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AcknowledgementsThis research is fu
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The main findings from the qualitat
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school or work, transport costs for
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is that the large majority of women
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In fact, special surveys conducted
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ObjectivesThe specific objectives o
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have been rejected by their immedia
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eport) that his/her healthcare (or
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CommunityKnowledge/awareness of HIV
Page 28 and 29:
Framework of analysisA descriptive
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urban and a rural community. In all
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medication, the physical health com
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husbands working in other places wh
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(“And then, this doctor, he/she v
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their food. Nurses and their attend
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“Because we take drugs….no time
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The same claim to 100% condom use w
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in asking them to use condoms, even
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“Normally…..normally, memang ma
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(“But I continued using at that t
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“Buat pada permulaannya, saya mem
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However, not all experiences with d
Page 54 and 55: yang amat sangat. Tak pernah I rasa
Page 56 and 57: long term fears and anxieties. The
Page 58 and 59: “The first time I heard from the
Page 60 and 61: handset, I too, have handset. Some
Page 62 and 63: have been turning to God since and
Page 64 and 65: felt I’m indecent. But, at one ti
Page 66 and 67: would certainly want to continue wo
Page 68 and 69: (Transgender, 53 yrs, Upper seconda
Page 70 and 71: “Sometimes I didn’t get enough
Page 72 and 73: positively portray people living wi
Page 74 and 75: “After my diagnosis...I’ll pay
Page 76 and 77: not know or might not want to be bo
Page 78 and 79: (UNAIDS 2005).(UNAIDS 2000):The fac
Page 80 and 81: “…bawak saya pergi hospital. An
Page 82 and 83: erpindah ke tempat lain makin lama.
Page 84 and 85: pada HIV itu, dia nampak penagih. S
Page 86 and 87: (Male, 49yrs, University education,
Page 88 and 89: However this association with the n
Page 90 and 91: “…..depends on who is the perso
Page 92 and 93: (“I …my experience society will
Page 94 and 95: (“Can…can marry, no problem. Bu
Page 96 and 97: Harm Reduction programmeSome urban
Page 98 and 99: (“In my opinion such campaign sta
Page 100 and 101: Table 2aDistribution of Respondents
Page 102 and 103: female sex workers (seven out of 13
Page 106 and 107: tested in drug rehabilitation cente
Page 108 and 109: GroupsDUHetero-SexuallyInfectedMenT
Page 110 and 111: y the Ministry of Health (74.2%) or
Page 113 and 114: Child CareYes, often 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
Page 115 and 116: GroupsDUHetero-SexuallyInfectedMenT
Page 117 and 118: Figure 5: Percentage of Respondents
Page 119 and 120: GroupsTable 12aEmotional Problems E
Page 121 and 122: Stigmatization and how it has affec
Page 123 and 124: GroupsTable 15How They Cope With Th
Page 125 and 126: Table 18Percentage Of Respondents W
Page 127 and 128: esponsible for their families. As m
Page 129 and 130: In this study, it took more effort
Page 131 and 132: eing transgender and sex worker whe
Page 133 and 134: denies them social and economic opp
Page 135 and 136: working towards their future, who c
Page 137 and 138: ReferencesAidsmeds.com (2006). Curr
Page 139 and 140: Sen G, George A, Ostlin P (2002). E
Page 141 and 142: Annex II: FGD Guide for PLHIV Group
Page 143 and 144: ♦ Spouse: marital/sexual relation
Page 145 and 146: I. Attitudes and Perceptions relate
Page 147 and 148: I. HIV/AIDS Knowledge‣ What did y
Page 149 and 150: Annex V: Rapid Needs Assessment Que
Page 151 and 152: Types of support or responsibilityM
Page 153 and 154: Please tick (√)one onlyIf yes,ple
Page 155 and 156:
more help would be useful for you i
Page 157 and 158:
Annex VI: Ethics Approval Letter157
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