Americas Defense Meltdown - IT Acquisition Advisory Council

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188 • The Army National Guard, the Army Reserve and the Marine Corps ReserveMost parallel occupation units have lifecycles that are similar to those of academiclifecycle battalions. That is, they are formed, trained, released from active duty, recalledfor refresher training, passed to the second-line reserve and disbanded according toa pre-established schedule. The specifics of these schedules, however, vary greatlyfrom one type of unit to another. Thus, while most parallel occupation units haverelatively short periods of active duty of about one year at the start of their lifecycles,a few military police units spend three years on active duty. (These units are designedto attract young people who intend to pursue a career in law enforcement, but are tooyoung to attend civilian police academies.) Likewise, the refresher training of paralleloccupation units is timed to minimize interference with the civilian occupationsof unit members. While many construction units conduct relatively long periods ofrefresher training each winter, military police units that spend three years on activeduty have very little in the way of on-site refresher training.A small proportion of parallel occupation units, such as mobile field hospitals,legal units and history units, lack the pre-established lifecycle that characterizes thevast majority of units of the Army Reserve. The members of these units are older thanthe rank-and-file of most other units, have considerable prior military service, andpractice professions with long apprenticeships (whether formal or informal). Unitsof this sort conduct little in the way of on-site refresher training. As with members ofother sorts of parallel occupation units, there are many opportunities for members ofthese “continuous existence” units to serve on active duty as individuals.Most of the officers and noncommissioned officers of parallel occupation unitsare senior practitioners of affiliated civilian professions. In construction engineerunits, for example, they are civil engineers, general contractors and foremen. Indeed,in order to obtain their rank in parallel occupation units, the reserve officers andnoncommissioned officers must pass both the requisite military qualifications andbe confirmed by a board that will examine their civilian qualifications. In additionto these occupation-specific leaders, each parallel occupation unit will have a smallstaff of military specialists, officers and noncommissioned officers whose task it is toconduct the purely military training of the unit. In other words, these military specialistswill fulfill a role similar to that of the Marines who are assigned as instructorsin naval construction battalions.A small proportion of Army Reserve units are organized as “seasonal occupation”units. Recruited from among those who practice seasonal occupations (such as thoserelated to fishing, farming and tourism), seasonal occupation battalions conduct on-sitetraining during those months when the seasonal workers in question are most likelyto be less in demand. Unlike lifecycle battalions, which front load their training duringthe first two years of their existence, seasonal occupation battalions divide theirinitial individual and unit training over several annual training periods. Many seasonaloccupation units make use of the special skills of their members. Some amphibious
Bruce I. Gudmundsson • 189vehicle units, for example, consist largely of fishermen. Others, such as cold-weatherinfantry units, exploit the fact that their training periods take place in the winter.The benefits packages offered to members of the Army Reserve are custom tailoredfor each type of unit. Thus, while the default benefits package for members of academiclifecycle battalions contain generous educational benefits, the default benefits packagefor seasonal employment units provides things (such as comprehensive medicaland dental benefits) not likely to be offered by the employers of seasonal workers.That said, many reservists have needs and goals that are different from those of theirimmediate comrades. Thus, each reservist is free to choose the benefits package thatis best suited to his particular situation. Thus, a prior-service reservist serving in anacademic lifecycle battalion who is a public school teacher by profession, and alreadyreceives educational assistance and health insurance from his civilian employer, mayopt for a benefits package that offers retirement plan contributions instead of theother benefits. Similarly, a member of a parallel occupations unit who plans to go tocollege after completing his enlistment may opt for a benefits package that containsgenerous educational benefits.The National GuardAlong with the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force, Air National Guard and CoastGuard, the National Guard is an armed service of the United States. However, while theother six services are primarily concerned with protecting the nation as a whole, theNational Guard provides immediate protection to specific communities. In particular,the National Guard of the United States is an umbrella organization that encompassesand supports the National Guards of the fifty states, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealthof Puerto Rico, and the Territories of Guam and the U.S. Virgin Islands.Within each state or similar jurisdiction, the National Guard protects the people fromsuch dangers as the collapse of local government, temporary breakdowns in publicorder, widespread lawlessness, terrorism, natural disasters, large-scale accidents andthe aftereffects of the employment of weapons of mass destruction.The National Guard is the direct descendent of the Army National Guard, hasmany Army veterans and reservists in its ranks, and often works closely with theArmy on projects of mutual interest. Nonetheless, the National Guard is a completelyindependent service. Similarly, while the National Guard units work closely with policeand fire departments of various kinds, and many of its members are police officersand firefighters, it is neither a law enforcement agency nor a public safety organization.Rather, the National Guard is a unique military organization composed largelyof people who serve on a part-time basis.In contrast to most reserve units of the Army or Marine Corps, which assemblemostly at military bases of the larger sort for relatively long periods of training, units ofthe National Guard are located in the communities that they protect. This arrangement
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AMERICA’SDEFENSE MELTDOWN★ ★
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America’sDefenseMeltdownpentagon
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Bruce I. Gudmundsson served in the
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James P. Stevenson is the former ed
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table of contentsPrefaceExecutive S
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PrefaceThe mere notion of a “melt
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Preface• xieffective national sec
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executive summaryChapter Summaries
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Executive Summary • xvThe militar
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Executive Summary• xviiRecommenda
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Executive Summary• xixobjectives
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Executive Summary • xxiThe chapte
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Executive Summary• xxiii• Analy
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2 • Introduction & Historic Overv
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10 • Introduction & Historic Over
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CHAPTER 2SHATTERING ILLUSIONSA Nati
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28 • Shattering Illusions: A Nati
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54 • Leading the Human Dimensions
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CHAPTER 4MANEUVER FORCESThe Army an
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82 • Maneuver Forces: The Army an
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98 • A Traveler’s Perspective o
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100 • A Traveler’s Perspective
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CHAPTER 6the navyWilliam S. LindTo
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120 • The Navy- signaling - would
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122 • The NavyAt the same time, t
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124 • The Navyforce: first, to de
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126 • The Navywarfare usually wor
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128 • The NavyEndnotes1 Andrew Go
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130 • Reversing the Decay of Amer
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