Vitamin D and Health

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Arem H, Weinstein SJ, Horst RL, Virtamo J, Yu K, Albanes D & Abnet CC (2011) Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of oropharynx and larynx cancers in Finnish men. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 20, 1178-1184. Armas LA, Dowell S, Akhter M, Duthuluru S, Huerter C, Hollis BW, Lund R & Heaney RP (2007) Ultraviolet-B radiation increases serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels: the effect of UVB dose and skin color. J Am Acad Dermatol 57, 588-593. Arnedo-Pena A, Juan-Cerdan JV, Romeu-Garcia A, Garcia-Ferrer D, Holguin-Gomez R, Iborra-Millet J, Gil- Fortuno M, Gomila-Sard B & Roach-Poblete F (2015a) Vitamin D status and incidence of tuberculosis among contacts of pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 19, 65-69. Arnedo-Pena A, Juan-Cerdan JV, Romeu-Garcia A, Garcia-Ferrer D, Holguin-Gomez R, Iborra-Millet J, Herrero- Carot C, Pinana MJ, Bellido-Blasco J, et al. (2011) Latent tuberculosis infection, tuberculin skin test and vitamin D status in contacts of tuberculosis patients: a cross-sectional and case-control study. BMC Infect Dis 11, 349. Arnedo-Pena A, Juan-Cerdan JV, Romeu-Garcia MA, Garcia-Ferrer D, Holguin-Gomez R, Iborra-Millet J & Pardo-Serrano F (2015b) Vitamin D status and incidence of tuberculosis infection conversion in contacts of pulmonary tuberculosis patients: a prospective cohort study. Epidemiol Infect 143, 1731-1741. Arunabh S, Pollack S, Yeh J & Aloia JF (2003) Body fat content and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in healthy women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88, 157-161. Aspray TJ & Francis RM (2013) What can we learn about vitamin D requirements from post-mortem data? Osteoporos Int 24, 1769-1770. Avenell A, MacLennan GS, Jenkinson DJ, McPherson GC, McDonald AM, Pant PR, Grant AM, Campbell MK, Anderson FH, et al. (2012) Long-term follow-up for mortality and cancer in a randomized placebo-controlled trial of vitamin D(3) and/or calcium (RECORD trial). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97, 614-622. Avenell A, Mak JC & O'Connell D (2014) Vitamin D and vitamin D analogues for preventing fractures in postmenopausal women and older men. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4, CD000227. Azar M, Basu A, Jenkins AJ, Nankervis AJ, Hanssen KF, Scholz H, Henriksen T, Garg SK, Hammad SM, et al. (2011) Serum carotenoids and fat-soluble vitamins in women with type 1 diabetes and preeclampsia: a longitudinal study. Diabetes Care 34, 1258-1264. Baggerly LL & Garland CF (2012) Vitamin D and pancreatic cancer risk - no U-shaped curve. Anticancer Res 32, 981-984. Bajwa A, Forster MN, Maiti A, Woolbright BL & Beckman MJ (2008) Specific regulation of CYP27B1 and VDR in proximal versus distal renal cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 477, 33-42. Baker MR, Peacock M & Nordin BE (1980) The decline in vitamin D status with age. Age Ageing 9, 249-252. Barbour KE, Houston DK, Cummings SR, Boudreau R, Prasad T, Sheu Y, Bauer DC, Tooze JA, Kritchevsky SB, et al. (2012) Calciotropic hormones and the risk of hip and nonspine fractures in older adults: the Health ABC Study. J Bone Miner Res 27, 1177-1185. Barger-Lux MJ, Heaney RP, Dowell S, Chen TC & Holick MF (1998) Vitamin D and its major metabolites: serum levels after graded oral dosing in healthy men. Osteoporos Int 8, 222-230. Barr R, Macdonald H, Stewart A, McGuigan F, Rogers A, Eastell R, Felsenberg D, Gluer C, Roux C, et al. (2010) Association between vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms, falls, balance and muscle power: results from two independent studies (APOSS and OPUS). Osteoporos Int 21, 457-466. Bates B, Lennox A, Prentice A, Bates C, Page P, Nicholson S & Swan G (2014) The National Diet and Nutrition Survey: Results from Years 1, 2, 3 and 4 (combined) of the Rolling Programme (2008/2009 – 2011/2012), London: TSO. 143
Beadle PC, Burton JL & Leach JF (1980) Correlation of seasonal variation of 25-hydroxycalciferol with UV radiation dose. Br J Dermatol 103, 289-293. Beaudart C, Buckinx F, Rabenda V, Gillain S, Cavalier E, Slomian J, Petermans J, Reginster JY & Bruyere O (2014) The effects of vitamin D on skeletal muscle strength, muscle mass, and muscle power: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99, 4336-4345. Bergman P, Lindh AU, Bjorkhem-Bergman L & Lindh JD (2013) Vitamin D and Respiratory Tract Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. PLoS One 8, e65835. Berlin T & Bjorkhem I (1987) On the regulatory importance of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and dietary calcium on serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 144, 1055-1058. Berlin T & Bjorkhem I (1988) Effect of calcium intake on serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. Eur J Clin Invest 18, 52-55. Bertone-Johnson ER (2009) Vitamin D and the occurrence of depression: causal association or circumstantial evidence? Nutr Rev 67, 481-492. Beveridge LA, Struthers AD, Khan F, Jorde R, Scragg R, Macdonald HM, Alvarez JA, Boxer RS, Dalbeni A, et al. (2015) Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Incorporating Individual Patient Data. JAMA Intern Med 175, 745-754. Bhattacharyya MH & DeLuca HF (1973) The regulation of rat liver calciferol-25-hydroxylase. J Biol Chem 248, 2969-2973. Biancuzzo RM, Young A, Bibuld D, Cai MH, Winter MR, Klein EK, Ameri A, Reitz R, Salameh W, et al. (2010) Fortification of orange juice with vitamin D(2) or vitamin D(3) is as effective as an oral supplement in maintaining vitamin D status in adults. Am J Clin Nutr 91, 1621-1626. Bikle D (2009) Nonclassic actions of vitamin D. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94, 26-34. Binkley N & Sempos CT (2014) Standardizing vitamin D assays: the way forward. J Bone Miner Res 29, 1709- 1714. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dawson-Hughes B, Orav EJ, Staehelin HB, Meyer OW, Theiler R, Dick W, Willett WC & Egli A (2016) Monthly High-Dose Vitamin D Treatment for the Prevention of Functional Decline: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med 176, 175-183. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dawson-Hughes B, Staehelin HB, Orav JE, Stuck AE, Theiler R, Wong JB, Egli A, Kiel DP, et al. (2009a) Fall prevention with supplemental and active forms of vitamin D: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 339, b3692. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dawson-Hughes B, Willett WC, Staehelin HB, Bazemore MG, Zee RY & Wong JB (2004) Effect of Vitamin D on falls: a meta-analysis. JAMA 291, 1999-2006. Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Willett WC, Wong JB, Stuck AE, Staehelin HB, Orav EJ, Thoma A, Kiel DP & Henschkowski J (2009b) Prevention of nonvertebral fractures with oral vitamin D and dose dependency: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 169, 551-561. Bishop N, Arundel P, Clark E, Dimitri P, Farr J, Jones G, Makitie O, Munns CF & Shaw N (2014) Fracture prediction and the definition of osteoporosis in children and adolescents: the ISCD 2013 Pediatric Official Positions. J Clin Densitom 17, 275-280. Bjelakovic G, Gluud LL, Nikolova D, Whitfield K, Wetterslev J, Simonetti RG, Bjelakovic M & Gluud C (2014) Vitamin D supplementation for prevention of mortality in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1, CD007470. Bjorn LO (2010) Vitamin D synthesis may be independent of skin pigmentation only with UV of short wavelength. J Invest Dermatol 130, 2848-2850. 144
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Vitamin D and Health i 2016
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Contents Preface ..................
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Preface The Scientific Advisory Com
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Adviser (Ultraviolet radiation expo
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Ms Gemma Paramor Lay representative
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Metabolism S.5 Vitamin D is convert
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Two studies reported an increase in
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Recommendations S.35 Serum 25(OH)D
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1.8 The terms of reference were: to
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1.18 In assessing the evidence on v
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there is not absolute correspondenc
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Metabolism Absorption of dietary vi
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UVB ▼ SKIN: ▼ Previtamin D 3
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2.49 A number of studies have repor
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using a bolus dose (I 2 =77%) compa
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2.75 Another RCT 21 (Cashman et al.
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3. Photobiology of vitamin D Ultrav
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Erythema and skin cancer 3.10 Two m
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CIE spectrum for photoconversion of
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Effect of skin pigmentation on skin
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increase in mean serum 25(OH)D conc
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4. Measuring vitamin D exposure (fr
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the authors cautioned care in the i
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24,25(OH) 2 D 3 which can contribut
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5. Relationship between vitamin D e
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latitudes > 49.5 o N or S (which we
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increase 25(OH)D concentrations > 5
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22.5 nmol/L (IQR, 16.8-34.3) in sum
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6.7 Although serum 25(OH)D concentr
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calcium intake, although this is mo
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Evidence considered (Tables 1-5, An
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6.43 Preece et al. (1975) measured
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irths (December-February) in the vi
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large loss to follow-up 45 and, sin
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6.81 A pilot RCT in India (Khadilka
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Evidence considered (Tables 16-18,
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Intervention studies 6.107 A 3-year
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Compared with men in the top quarti
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chair-rising test. Mean baseline se
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heterogeneity among trials for dose
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the 600 µg (24,000 IU) vitamin D 3
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Bone health indices beyond rickets
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Intervention studies 6.177 An RCT i
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maternal serum 25(OH)D concentratio
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Cancers 6.201 Ecological studies ha
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(Gallicchio et al., 2010; Mondul et
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6.226 A systematic review and meta-
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Summary - CVD and hypertension 6.23
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6.251 VDRs are expressed in cells o
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10 nmol/L increase in cord blood 25
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Evidence considered since IOM repor
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difference was not significant (RR=
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6.304 Out of 7 RCTs published subse
Page 107 and 108: (300 µg/12,000 IU per capsule) for
Page 109 and 110: serum 25(OH)D concentration in neon
Page 111 and 112: linked specific VDR gene polymorphi
Page 113 and 114: factors that affect cancer risk. Ob
Page 115 and 116: As a result, cut-offs for deficienc
Page 117 and 118: 7.8 The IOM noted the paucity of lo
Page 119 and 120: years) compared to the placebo grou
Page 121 and 122: children (n=179) received weekly do
Page 123 and 124: 8. Dietary vitamin D intakes and se
Page 125 and 126: Food FISH TABLE 1- Vitamin D conten
Page 127 and 128: Serum/plasma 25(OH)D concentrations
Page 129 and 130: Serum/plasma 25(OH)D concentration
Page 131 and 132: 9. Review of DRVs for vitamin D Bri
Page 133 and 134: musculoskeletal health at serum 25(
Page 135 and 136: Modelling the summer sunshine expos
Page 137 and 138: 9.30 Two possible approaches were c
Page 139 and 140: FIGURE 8: Relation between serum 25
Page 141 and 142: UK general population aged under 11
Page 143 and 144: Summary & conclusions 9.59 The RNI
Page 145 and 146: 10. Overall summary and conclusions
Page 147 and 148: tight homeostatic control. As a mar
Page 149 and 150: 10.30 Evidence from RCTs suggest th
Page 151 and 152: Serum/plasma 25(OH)D concentration
Page 153 and 154: 10.53 An RNI of 10 µg/d (400 IU/d)
Page 155 and 156: 11. Recommendations 11.1 Serum 25(O
Page 157: References Abnet CC, Chen Y, Chow W
Page 161 and 162: Brooke OG, Brown IR, Bone CD, Carte
Page 163 and 164: Clarke B (2008) Normal bone anatomy
Page 165 and 166: Diffey BL (2010) Modelling the seas
Page 167 and 168: Ganji V, Milone C, Cody MM, McCarty
Page 169 and 170: Heaney RP, Armas LA, Shary JR, Bell
Page 171 and 172: Javaid MK, Crozier SR, Harvey NC, G
Page 173 and 174: Lappe J, Cullen D, Haynatzki G, Rec
Page 175 and 176: Mantell DJ, Owens PE, Bundred NJ, M
Page 177 and 178: Murad MH, Elamin KB, Abu Elnour NO,
Page 179 and 180: Pirotta S, Kidgell DJ & Daly RM (20
Page 181 and 182: one mass, and renal function in the
Page 183 and 184: Sperati F, Vici P, Maugeri-Sacca M,
Page 185 and 186: Vervel C, Zeghoud F, Boutignon H, T
Page 187 and 188: Weisse K, Winkler S, Hirche F, Herb
Page 189 and 190: Annexes ANNEX (1) SACN working proc
Page 191 and 192: ANNEX (2) Studies considered in rel
Page 193 and 194: Cardiovascular disease Table 40 Tab
Page 195 and 196: Study/year/country Population Ricke
Page 197 and 198: Table 2: Observational studies on r
Page 199 and 200: Table 3: Before and after studies o
Page 201 and 202: Table 4: Case control studies on ri
Page 203 and 204: Table 5: Intervention studies on ri
Page 205 and 206: Table 7: Case reports of osteomalac
Page 207 and 208: Table 9: Cohort studies on associat
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Children and adolescents Table 11:
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Table 13: Intervention studies on e
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Table 16: RCTs on effects of vitami
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Table 22: Meta-analyses of trials o
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Table 24: Prospective studies on as
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Table 25: Meta-analyses of RCTs on
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Table 27: Prospective studies on as
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Table 28: Meta-analyses of RCTs on
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Study Methods Results Author conclu
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NON-MUSCULOSKELETAL HEALTH OUTCOMES
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Table 32: Intervention studies on e
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Table 36: Observational studies on
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Table 38: Meta analyses of RCTs and
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Table 39: Prospective studies on 25
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Study/Country Population Mean follo
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Cardiovascular disease Table 40: Me
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Hypertension Table 42: Meta-analyse
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All-cause mortality Table 44: Syste
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Immune modulation Table 46: Systema
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Table 48: Intervention studies on v
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Reference/Country Population Follow
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Infectious disease Table 50: Meta-a
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Table 51: RCTs on vitamin D supplem
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Table 52: Observational studies on
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Neuropsychological functioning Tabl
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Abbreviations used in studies 25(OH
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Table 1: Percentage contribution of
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Table 2 (continued) Food group a Me
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Table 3 (continued) Food group Age
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Table 4 (continued) Food group a Ag
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Table 5 (continued) Food group a Na
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Table 6: Percentage contribution of
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Table 7: Average daily intake of vi
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Table 9: Average daily intake of Vi
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Table 11: Average daily intake of v
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Table 15: Average daily intake of V
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Serum/plasma 25(OH)D concentrations
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Table 20: UK - Adults and children
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Table 22: Northern Ireland - adults
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Table 24: England - adults 65 years
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Table 26: UK - by month blood sampl
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Table 29: English regions by season
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Table 33: England - by ethnicity, a
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Table 36: Scotland - by Body Mass I
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Calcitonin A peptide hormone, produ
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Osteoclast Osteocyte Osteoid Osteom
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