Vitamin D and Health

Osteoclast
Osteocyte
Osteoid
Osteomalacia
Osteoporosis
Parathyroid hormone
(PTH)
Phenotype
Reference Nutrient Intake
(RNI)
Residual confounding
Reverse causation
Rickets
Safe intake
Sensitivity analysis
Bone cell that resorbs bone tissue as part of the processes of skeletal
development, maintenance and repair.
Bone cell that acts as a mechanosensor and plays a role in activation
of osteoblasts and osteoclasts for bone formation and resorption.
Uncalcified, pre-bone tissue produced by osteoblasts.
A skeletal disorder that develops as result of vitamin D deficiency.
Causes severe aching in bones and muscles and muscle weakness.
Caused by impairment in mineralisation phase of bone remodelling,
resulting in a lower ratio of bone mineral to osteoid than normal.
Kidney or liver damage, which interferes with vitamin D metabolism
can also cause osteomalacia.
A progressive skeletal disorder characterised by reduced bone
strength due to loss of bone mass and deterioration in microarchitecture
of bone, where the ratio of bone mineral to osteoid is
normal. Leads to increased bone fragility and risk of fracture.
Hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands. Involved in regulation
of calcium homeostasis.
Observable physical and/or biochemical characteristics of the
expression of a gene under a particular set of environmental
conditions.
See Dietary Reference Values.
Occurs when one or more confounders (see above) have not been
adequately controlled for in analysis or where such variables cannot
be identified.
Describes a situation in which a supposed outcome precedes and
causes an exposure; type of bias in observational studies.
A disorder of the growth plates of infants and children that affects
skeletal development. The most common cause is insufficient vitamin
D (vitamin D deficiency rickets), calcium or phosphate during growth,
which leads to pain, softening and weakening of the bones and
characteristic deformities of the long bones.
Set for some nutrients if there are insufficient reliable data to set
dietary reference values. Represents a level or intake range at which it
is considered that there is no risk of deficiency and below a level
where there is a risk of undesirable effects.
A repeat of a meta-analysis of a group of studies, which excludes
studies that may have affected the results of the meta-analysis
through poor study quality or uncertainty about adherence to
inclusion criteria.
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